Main Article Content
Abstract
Amino acids are the building blocks of all peptides and proteins, which determine many of their important physiological properties. Amino acids help break down food, grow and repair body tissue, make hormones, provide energy, maintain healthy skin, hair, and nails, build muscle, and boost your immune system. In nature, there are over 500 distinct amino acids, however only 20 of them are involved in protein synthesis. Identifying the amino acid sequence of a protein or peptide provides useful information for understanding its structure and physiological functions. In this review article, different chemical methods such as Edman and Sanger degradation, as well as different chemical reagents such as ninhydrin, carboxypeptidase, and hydrazine, to identify the composition and sequence of amino acids in protein molecules, have been reviewed.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2024 Reserved for Kabul University
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
- Akram M, Asif HM, Uzair M, Akhtar N, Madni A, Shah SA, Hasan ZU, Ullah A. Amino acids: A review article. J. Med. Plants Res. 2011;5(17):3997-4000.
- Kamble C, Chavan R, Kamble V. A Review on Amino Acids. J. Drug Des. Discov. 2021; 8(3):19–27.
- Larsen PO. Physical and chemical properties of amino acids. The Biochemistry of Plants: A Comprehensive Treatise, Amino Acids and Derivatives. 1980; 5(8):225-269.
- Bischoff R, Schlüter H. Amino acids: chemistry, functionality and selected non-enzymatic post-translational modifications. J. Proteomics. 2012; 75(8):2275-2296.
- Wu G. Amino acids: metabolism, functions, and nutrition. Amino acids. 2009; 37(1):1-7.
- Liljas A, Ehrenberg M. Structural aspects of protein synthesis, 2nd ed. World Scientific. 2013.
- Solomons G, Fryhle CB, Snyder SA. Organic Chemistry: Amino acids and proteins, 11th ed. John Wiley & Sons. 2014:1060-1071.
- Garrett RH, Grisham CM. Biochemistry. Cengage Learning. 2016:77-101.
- Sanger F. Sequences, sequences, and sequences. Annu Rev Biochem. 1988; 57(1):1–29.
- Han KK, Belaiche D, Moreau O, Briand G. Current developments in stepwise edman degradation of peptides and proteins. International Journal of Biochemistry. 1985; 17(4):429–45.
- Loos T, Mortier A, Proost P. Isolation, identification, and production of posttranslationally modified chemokines. Methods Enzymol. 2009; 461:3–29.
- Qian Z, Upadhyaya P, Pei D. Synthesis and screening of one-bead-one-compound cyclic peptide libraries. Peptide Libraries: Methods and Protocols. 2015; 39–53.
- Mann M. The rise of mass spectrometry and the fall of Edman degradation. Clin Chem. 2016; 62(1):293–4.
- Wade JL, Simek JW. Organic Chemistry, 9th ed. Pearson Education India. 2017.
- Bhagavan NV. Medical biochemistry. Academic press. 2002.
- Friedman M. Applications of the ninhydrin reaction for analysis of amino acids, peptides, and proteins to agricultural and biomedical sciences. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004; 52(3):385-406.
- Nguyen DN, Becker GW, Riggin RM. Protein mass spectrometry: applications to analytical biotechnology. J. Chromatogr. A. 1995; 705(1):21-45.
- Needleman SB, editor. Protein sequence determination: a sourcebook of methods and techniques. Springer Science & Business Media; 2012.
- David L. Lehninger principles of biochemistry. 2008.
- (20) Walker JM. The dansyl method for identifying N-terminal amino acids. Methods Mol Biol. 1984; 1:203-2012.
References
Akram M, Asif HM, Uzair M, Akhtar N, Madni A, Shah SA, Hasan ZU, Ullah A. Amino acids: A review article. J. Med. Plants Res. 2011;5(17):3997-4000.
Kamble C, Chavan R, Kamble V. A Review on Amino Acids. J. Drug Des. Discov. 2021; 8(3):19–27.
Larsen PO. Physical and chemical properties of amino acids. The Biochemistry of Plants: A Comprehensive Treatise, Amino Acids and Derivatives. 1980; 5(8):225-269.
Bischoff R, Schlüter H. Amino acids: chemistry, functionality and selected non-enzymatic post-translational modifications. J. Proteomics. 2012; 75(8):2275-2296.
Wu G. Amino acids: metabolism, functions, and nutrition. Amino acids. 2009; 37(1):1-7.
Liljas A, Ehrenberg M. Structural aspects of protein synthesis, 2nd ed. World Scientific. 2013.
Solomons G, Fryhle CB, Snyder SA. Organic Chemistry: Amino acids and proteins, 11th ed. John Wiley & Sons. 2014:1060-1071.
Garrett RH, Grisham CM. Biochemistry. Cengage Learning. 2016:77-101.
Sanger F. Sequences, sequences, and sequences. Annu Rev Biochem. 1988; 57(1):1–29.
Han KK, Belaiche D, Moreau O, Briand G. Current developments in stepwise edman degradation of peptides and proteins. International Journal of Biochemistry. 1985; 17(4):429–45.
Loos T, Mortier A, Proost P. Isolation, identification, and production of posttranslationally modified chemokines. Methods Enzymol. 2009; 461:3–29.
Qian Z, Upadhyaya P, Pei D. Synthesis and screening of one-bead-one-compound cyclic peptide libraries. Peptide Libraries: Methods and Protocols. 2015; 39–53.
Mann M. The rise of mass spectrometry and the fall of Edman degradation. Clin Chem. 2016; 62(1):293–4.
Wade JL, Simek JW. Organic Chemistry, 9th ed. Pearson Education India. 2017.
Bhagavan NV. Medical biochemistry. Academic press. 2002.
Friedman M. Applications of the ninhydrin reaction for analysis of amino acids, peptides, and proteins to agricultural and biomedical sciences. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004; 52(3):385-406.
Nguyen DN, Becker GW, Riggin RM. Protein mass spectrometry: applications to analytical biotechnology. J. Chromatogr. A. 1995; 705(1):21-45.
Needleman SB, editor. Protein sequence determination: a sourcebook of methods and techniques. Springer Science & Business Media; 2012.
David L. Lehninger principles of biochemistry. 2008.
(20) Walker JM. The dansyl method for identifying N-terminal amino acids. Methods Mol Biol. 1984; 1:203-2012.