Main Article Content
Abstract
Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Under favorable conditions, such as optimal temperature, humidity, pH, and relative humidity, these metabolites can contaminate human food and animal feed before and after harvest. Among the 20 identified aflatoxins, six (B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, and M2) are particularly significant, with aflatoxin B1 being the most harmful due to its direct link to human liver cancer. Aflatoxin contamination is common in crops such as maize, wheat, rice, and sorghum. This paper aims to review and discuss the underlying physical, nutritional, and biological factors that predispose the production of aflatoxins.
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References
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- 7. Rushing BR, Selim MI. Aflatoxin B1: A review on metabolism, toxicity, occurrence in food, occupational exposure, and detoxification methods. Food Chem Toxicol. 2019;124, pp. 81–100.
- 8. Khaneghah AM, Es I, Raeisi S, Fakhri Y. Aflatoxins in cereals: State of the art. J Food Saf. 2018;38(6), pp. 12532.
- 9. Haque MA, Wang Y, Shen Z, Li X, Saleemi MK, Hea C. Mycotoxin contamination and control strategy in human, domestic animal and poultry: A review. Microb Pathog. 2020;144:104090.
- 10. Fouché T, Claassens S, Maboeta M. Aflatoxins in the soil ecosystem: an overview of its occurrence, fate, effects and future perspectives. Mycotoxin Res. 2020;36(3), pp. 303–9.
- 11. Kumar A, Pathak H, Bhadauria S, Sudan J. Aflatoxin contamination in food crops: causes, detection, and management: a review. Food Prod Process Nutr. 2021;3(1), pp. 1–9.
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- 13. Lai X, Liu R, Ruan C, Zhang H, Liu C. Occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in rice samples from six provinces in China. Food Control. 2015;15, pp. 401–4.
- 14. Scarpari M, Punelli M, Scala V, Zaccaria M, Nobili C, Ludovici M, et al. Lipids in Aspergillus flavus-maize interaction. Front Microbiol. 2014;5(FEB), pp. 1–9.
- 15. Sowley ENK. Aflatoxins: A silent threat in developing countries. African J Biotechnol. 2016; 15(35), pp.1864–70.
References
Umesha S, Manukumar HM, Chandrasekhar B, Shivakumara P, Shiva Kumar J, Raghava S, et all .Aflatoxins and Food Pathogens: Impact of Biologically Active Aflatoxins and their Control Strategies. J Organ Behav. 2007;28(3), pp. 303–25.
2. Nesic K, Habschied K, Mastanjevic K. Possibilities for the Biological Control of Mycotoxins in Food and Feed. Toxins (Basel). 2021;13(3), pp. 1–15.
3. Zain ME. Impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals.pdf. J Saudi Chem Soc. 2010;15, pp. 129–44.
4. Negash E. A review of aflatoxin: occurrence, prevention, and gaps in both food and feed safety. J Nutr Heal Food Eng. 2018;8(2), pp. 35–43.
5. Peles F, Sipos P, Győri Z, Pfliegler WP, Giacometti F, Serraino A, et al. Adverse Effects, Transformation and Channeling of Aflatoxins Into Food Raw Materials in Livestock. Vol. 10, Frontiers in Microbiology. 2019.
6. Bhardwaj K, Adunphatcharaphon S, Banerjee K, Elliott C, Petchkongkaew A, Kolawole O. A review of the fundamental factors and processes leading to the accumulation of aflatoxins in cereal crops. 2022, pp. 1–13.
7. Rushing BR, Selim MI. Aflatoxin B1: A review on metabolism, toxicity, occurrence in food, occupational exposure, and detoxification methods. Food Chem Toxicol. 2019;124, pp. 81–100.
8. Khaneghah AM, Es I, Raeisi S, Fakhri Y. Aflatoxins in cereals: State of the art. J Food Saf. 2018;38(6), pp. 12532.
9. Haque MA, Wang Y, Shen Z, Li X, Saleemi MK, Hea C. Mycotoxin contamination and control strategy in human, domestic animal and poultry: A review. Microb Pathog. 2020;144:104090.
10. Fouché T, Claassens S, Maboeta M. Aflatoxins in the soil ecosystem: an overview of its occurrence, fate, effects and future perspectives. Mycotoxin Res. 2020;36(3), pp. 303–9.
11. Kumar A, Pathak H, Bhadauria S, Sudan J. Aflatoxin contamination in food crops: causes, detection, and management: a review. Food Prod Process Nutr. 2021;3(1), pp. 1–9.
12. Indranil S. Micology Veterinary [Internet]. Veterinary Mycology. 2015. 147 p. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-81-322-2280-4_3
13. Lai X, Liu R, Ruan C, Zhang H, Liu C. Occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in rice samples from six provinces in China. Food Control. 2015;15, pp. 401–4.
14. Scarpari M, Punelli M, Scala V, Zaccaria M, Nobili C, Ludovici M, et al. Lipids in Aspergillus flavus-maize interaction. Front Microbiol. 2014;5(FEB), pp. 1–9.
15. Sowley ENK. Aflatoxins: A silent threat in developing countries. African J Biotechnol. 2016; 15(35), pp.1864–70.