Main Article Content
Abstract
Bitches generally reach puberty between 6 and 12 months of age, although the range can vary from four to twenty-four months depending on the breed. Smaller breeds reach adult size earlier and thus attain puberty sooner than larger breeds. The first estrus can sometimes be abnormal, appearing as prolonged or split estrus. It tends to occur earlier when young bitches are housed with mature, cycling bitches. Estrus cycles occur year-round, with a slight increase in late winter and early spring. The interval between estrous cycles averages approximately six months, ranging from four to twenty-four months. Clinical evaluations to determine the stage of the estrous cycle include behavioral observations, vulvar and vaginal appearance, vaginal cytology, uterine tone, and the measurement of progesterone and luteinizing hormone concentrations.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2024 Reserved for Kabul University
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
- Christiansen IB. Reproduction in the dog and cat. Saunders Elsevier. 1984, Pp 3-12.
- Gary CWE. Prevention of Breeding in the Bitch and Queen. In: Andrew GT, Carmel TM. Manual of Small Animal Endocrinology. Bsava. 1998, P 39.
- Gary CWE. Timing of Mating in the Baitch. In: Andrew GT, Carmel TM. Manual of Small Animal Endocrinology. Bsava. 1998, P 43-46.
- Gary CWE. Unwanted Mating in the Bitch. In: Andrew GT, Carmel TM. Manual of Small Animal Endocrinology. Bsava. 1998, P 47-51.
- Janet AR. An Illustrated Guide to Veterinary Medical Terminology. 3rd ed. Delmar Cengage Learning. 2009, Pp 247-249.
- Louise T, Anne W. Veterinary Physiology and Applied Anatomy. The College of Animal Welfare. 2005, Pp 149-164.
- Margaret V, Root K. Clinical Canine and Feline Reproduction. Singapore. Wiley-Blackwell. 2010, Pp 69, 71-73, 211.
- Mylissa SDE, Allen MH. Breeding Management in the Bitch and Queen. In: Margaret VRK. Small animal Theriogenology. USA. Elsevier Science. 2003, Pp 33-58.
- Olson PN, Brown RA, Behrendt MD. Concentration of Reproductive Hormone in Canine Serum Throughout Late Anestrus, Proestrus and Estrus. Boil. Reprod. 1982, 27: 1196.
- Olson PN, Nett TM. Reproductive Endocrinology and Physiology of the Bitch. In: Robert SY, Walter RT. Current Therapy in Theriogenology. Tokyo. Saunders Company. 1986, Pp 453-457.
- Patrick WC. Reproduction in the Dog and Cat. In: Perry TC. Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 4th ed. Academic Press An imprint of Elsevier. 2009, Pp 518-547.
- Pineda MH. Reproductive Patterns of Dogs. In: Pineda MH, Michael PD. McDonalds Veterinary Endocrinology and Reproduction. 50th ed. Iowa State Press. Blackwell Publishing Company. 2003, Pp 475-498.
- Wildt DE, Seager WJ, Chakraborty PK. Behavioral, Ovarian and Endocrine Relationship in the Pubertal Bitch. J. Amer. Sci. 1981, 53: 182.
References
Christiansen IB. Reproduction in the dog and cat. Saunders Elsevier. 1984, Pp 3-12.
Gary CWE. Prevention of Breeding in the Bitch and Queen. In: Andrew GT, Carmel TM. Manual of Small Animal Endocrinology. Bsava. 1998, P 39.
Gary CWE. Timing of Mating in the Baitch. In: Andrew GT, Carmel TM. Manual of Small Animal Endocrinology. Bsava. 1998, P 43-46.
Gary CWE. Unwanted Mating in the Bitch. In: Andrew GT, Carmel TM. Manual of Small Animal Endocrinology. Bsava. 1998, P 47-51.
Janet AR. An Illustrated Guide to Veterinary Medical Terminology. 3rd ed. Delmar Cengage Learning. 2009, Pp 247-249.
Louise T, Anne W. Veterinary Physiology and Applied Anatomy. The College of Animal Welfare. 2005, Pp 149-164.
Margaret V, Root K. Clinical Canine and Feline Reproduction. Singapore. Wiley-Blackwell. 2010, Pp 69, 71-73, 211.
Mylissa SDE, Allen MH. Breeding Management in the Bitch and Queen. In: Margaret VRK. Small animal Theriogenology. USA. Elsevier Science. 2003, Pp 33-58.
Olson PN, Brown RA, Behrendt MD. Concentration of Reproductive Hormone in Canine Serum Throughout Late Anestrus, Proestrus and Estrus. Boil. Reprod. 1982, 27: 1196.
Olson PN, Nett TM. Reproductive Endocrinology and Physiology of the Bitch. In: Robert SY, Walter RT. Current Therapy in Theriogenology. Tokyo. Saunders Company. 1986, Pp 453-457.
Patrick WC. Reproduction in the Dog and Cat. In: Perry TC. Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 4th ed. Academic Press An imprint of Elsevier. 2009, Pp 518-547.
Pineda MH. Reproductive Patterns of Dogs. In: Pineda MH, Michael PD. McDonalds Veterinary Endocrinology and Reproduction. 50th ed. Iowa State Press. Blackwell Publishing Company. 2003, Pp 475-498.
Wildt DE, Seager WJ, Chakraborty PK. Behavioral, Ovarian and Endocrine Relationship in the Pubertal Bitch. J. Amer. Sci. 1981, 53: 182.