Article Sidebar

Download
PDF (پښتو)
Statistic
Read Counter : 10 Download : 12

Main Article Content

Abstract

Vision is essential for both humans and animals to perceive their surroundings. However, various factors can affect the anatomical structure of the eye, leading to vision-related disorders. One such condition is myopia, which results from the elongation of the eyeball. This elongation typically occurs when the eyes are deprived of adequate direct light over an extended period. Myopia affects both humans and animals, altering their ability to focus on distant objects. This study aims to investigate the anatomical changes associated with myopia, identify its underlying causes, and propose guidelines for its prevention and treatment. Special attention is given to individuals and animals exposed to prolonged periods of insufficient light, as they are at a higher risk of developing this condition.

Keywords

Eye Eye anatomy Eye disease Nearsightedness Anatomical change in the eye

Article Details

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Reserved for Kabul University

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

How to Cite
Safi, M. A. (1403). Anatomical Study of Myopia in Mammals. Journal of Natural Sciences – Kabul University, 7(4), 323–341. https://doi.org/10.62810/jns.v7i4.81
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX

References

  1. Assadnassab, G., & Fartashvand, M. (2013). Ultrasonographic evaluation of buffalo eyes. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 37(4), 395-398. https://doi.org/10.3906/vet-1207-5
  2. Baird, P. N., Saw, S. M., Lanca, C., Guggenheim, J. A., Smith III, E. L., Zhou, X., Matsui, K. O., Wu, P. C., Sankaridurg, P., Chia, A., & Rosman, M. (2020). Myopia. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 6(1), 99. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-020-00231-4
  3. Brainard, G. C., & Morgan, W. W. (1987). Light-induced stimulation of retinal dopamine: A dose-response relationship. Brain Research, 424(1), 199-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(87)90878-2
  4. Bueno, J. M., Lo Sapio, M., Sanes, J. M., & Seva, J. (2017). Analysis of the ocular refractive state in fighting bulls: Astigmatism prevalence. BioMed Research International, 2017, Article 820910. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/820910
  5. Bullimore, M. A., & Brennan, N. A. (2019). Myopia control: Why each diopter matters. Optometry and Vision Science, 96(6), 463-465. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0000000000001367
  6. Chen, D. Z., Koh, V., Tan, M., Tan, C. S., Nah, G., Shen, L., Bhargava, M., Cheng, C. Y., Zhao, P., Wong, T. Y., & Saw, S. M. (2018). Peripheral retinal changes in highly myopic young Asian eyes. Acta Ophthalmologica, 96(7), e846-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.13963
  7. Cooper, J., & Tkatchenko, A. V. (2018). A review of current concepts of the etiology and treatment of myopia. Eye & Contact Lens, 44(4), 231. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000470
  8. Dong, J., Wu, Q., & Wang, X. G. (2013). Measurement of central corneal thickness and pre-corneal tear film thickness of rabbits using the Scheimpflug system. International Journal of Ophthalmology, 6(5), 584. https://doi.org/10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.05.06
  9. Edwards, M. H. (1996). Animal models of myopia: A review. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica, 74(3), 213-219. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0420.1996.tb00062.x
  10. George, A. S., George, A. H., & Shahul, A. (2023). The myopia epidemic: A growing public health crisis impacting children worldwide. Partners Universal International Research Journal, 2(3), 120-138. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8361064
  11. Goss, D. A. (2000). Nearwork and myopia. The Lancet, 356(9240), 1456-1457. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02866-5
  12. Gupta, S., Joshi, A., Saxena, H., & Chatterjee, A. (2021). Outdoor activity and myopia progression in children: A follow-up study using mixed-effects model. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 69(12), 3446. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_1039_21
  13. Hernandez, J., Moore, C., Si, X., Richer, S., Jackson, J., & Wang, W. (2016). Aging dogs manifest myopia as measured by autorefractor. PLoS ONE, 11(2), e0148436. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148436
  14. Huang, H. M., Chang, D. S., & Wu, P. C. (2015). The association between near work activities and myopia in children—a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One, 10(10), e0140419. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140419
  15. Ip, J. M., Saw, S. M., Rose, K. A., Morgan, I. G., Kifley, A., Wang, J. J., & Mitchell, P. (2008). Role of near work in myopia: Findings in a sample of Australian school children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 49(7), 2903-2910. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.07-1340
  16. Jonas, J. B., Wang, Y. X., Dong, L., Guo, Y., & Panda-Jonas, S. (2020). Advances in myopia research: Anatomical findings in highly myopic eyes. Eye and Vision, 7(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40662-020-00186-5
  17. Keller, T. (2022). Education on Boyer 4th Newsletter-October 2022. https://mosaic.messiah.edu/edu_st/20
  18. Lanca, C., Kassam, I., Patasova, K., Foo, L. L., Li, J., Ang, M., Hoang, Q. V., Teo, Y. Y., Hysi, P. G., & Saw, S. M. (2021). New polygenic risk score to predict high myopia in Singapore Chinese children. Translational Vision Science & Technology, 10(8), 26. https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.10.8.26
  19. Lee, W. B., Jacobs, D. S., Musch, D. C., Kaufman, S. C., Reinhart, W. J., & Shtein, R. M. (2009). Descemet's stripping endothelial keratoplasty: Safety and outcomes: A report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology, 116(9), 1818-1830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.05.021
  20. Leslie, S. R., Fields, A. P., & Cohen, A. E. (2010). Convex lens-induced confinement for imaging single molecules. Analytical Chemistry, 82(14), 6224-6229. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101072y
  21. Luong, T. Q., Shu, Y. H., Modjtahedi, B. S., Fong, D. S., Choudry, N., Tanaka, Y., & Nau, C. L. (2020). Racial and ethnic differences in myopia progression in a large, diverse cohort of pediatric patients. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 61(13), 20. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.61.13.20
  22. Mass, A. M., & Supin, A. Y. (2007). Adaptive features of aquatic mammals' eye. The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, 290(6), 701-715. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.20592
  23. McBrien, N. A., Moghaddam, H. O., New, R., & Williams, L. R. (1993). Experimental myopia in a diurnal mammal (Sciurus carolinensis) with no accommodative ability. The Journal of Physiology, 469(1), 427-441. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019166
  24. Morgan, I. G., & Jan, C. L. (2022). China turns to school reform to control the myopia epidemic: A narrative review. Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology, 11(1), 27-35. https://doi.org/10.1097/APO.0000000000000240
  25. Morgan, I. G., Ohno-Matsui, K., & Saw, S. M. (2012). Myopia. The Lancet, 379(9827), 1739-1748. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60272-4
  26. Mu, J., Zhong, H., Liu, M., Jiang, M., Shuai, X., Chen, Y., Long, W., & Zhang, S. (2022). Trends in myopia development among primary and secondary school students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 859285. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.859285
  27. Murphy, C. J., Zadnik, K., & Mannis, M. J. (1992). Myopia and refractive error in dogs. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 33(8), 2459-2463. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.33.8.2459
  28. Norton, T. T. (1999). Animal models of myopia: Learning how vision controls the size of the eye. ILAR Journal, 40(2), 59-77. https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.40.2.59
  29. Ohno-Matsui, K. (2017). What is the fundamental nature of pathologic myopia? Retina, 37(6), 1043-1048. https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000001407
  30. Pan, C. W., Dirani, M., Cheng, C. Y., Wong, T. Y., & Saw, S. M. (2015). The age-specific prevalence of myopia in Asia: A meta-analysis. Optometry and Vision Science, 92(3), 258-266. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0000000000000490
  31. Priscilla, J. J., & Verkicharla, P. K. (2021). Time trends on the prevalence of myopia in India–A prediction model for 2050. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 41(3), 466-474. https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.12806
  32. Rammo, R. A., Ozinga, S. J., White, A., Nagel, S. J., Machado, A. G., Pallavaram, S., Cheeran, B. J., & Walter, B. L. (2022). Directional stimulation in Parkinson's disease and essential tremor: The Cleveland Clinic experience. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface, 25(6), 829-835. https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.13641
  33. Reichard, M., Hovakimyan, M., Wree, A., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Nolte, I., Junghans, C., Guthoff, R., & Stachs, O. (2010). Comparative in vivo confocal microscopical study of the cornea anatomy of different laboratory animals. Current Eye Research, 35(12), 1072-1080. https://doi.org/10.3109/02713683.2010.507839
  34. Saw, S. M., Katz, J., Schein, O. D., Chew, S. J., & Chan, T. K. (1996). Epidemiology of myopia. Epidemiologic Reviews, 18(2), 175-187. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017924
  35. Saw, S. M., Matsumura, S., & Hoang, Q. V. (2019). Prevention and management of myopia and myopic pathology. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 60(2), 488-99. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.60.2.488
  36. Smith III, E. L., & Hung, L. F. (2000). Form-deprivation myopia in monkeys is a graded phenomenon. Vision Research, 40(4), 371-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0042-6989(99)00175-3
  37. Tang, W. C., Yap, M. K., & Yip, S. P. (2008). A review of current approaches to identifying human genes involved in myopia. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 91(1), 4-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0938.2007.00280.x
  38. Tsai, D. C., Fang, S. Y., Huang, N., Hsu, C. C., Chen, S. Y., Chiu, A. W., & Liu, C. J. (2016). Myopia development among young schoolchildren: The myopia investigation study in Taipei. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 57(15), 6852-6860. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.16-19933
  39. Whitmore, W. G., Curtin, B. J., & Fox, D. (1993). The modulation of ocular growth in rabbits with peripheral retinal ablation. Ophthalmology, 100(7), 1003-1008. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(93)31280-3
  40. Wisely, C. E., Sayed, J. A., Tamez, H., Zelinka, C., Abdel-Rahman, M. H., Fischer, A. J., & Cebulla, C. M. (2017). The chick eye in vision research: An excellent model for the study of ocular disease. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 61, 72-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.06.002
  41. Zhu, J., Zhang, E., & Del Rio-Tsonis, K. (2012). Eye anatomy. eLS. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0000747.pub3