Main Article Content
Abstract
Different agrochemicals including auxins are used to improve the yield and quality of vegetables. This study was conducted to identify the proper compounds and concentration of auxin and the growth stage of plants for improved efficacy. In this study, the findings of previously published articles are reviewed. In this review, the effects of auxin on the growth, yield, and quality of vegetables are studied. The reviewed researches show that 150, 40, 50, 60, 80, 25, 50, and 60 ppm concentrations of naphthalin acetic acid have significant positive effects in cucumbers, eggplants, okra, broccoli, melons, tomatoes, cauliflower, and peppers respectively. The farmers can use the above-mentioned concentrations of auxin to produce a higher yield of quality vegetables.
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References
- Bagale, P., Pandey, S., Regmi, P., & Bhusal, S. (2022). Role of Plant Growth Regulator “Gibberellins” in Vegetable Production: An Overview. 9, 291–299. https://doi.org/10.22059/IJHST.2021.329114.495
- Bajaj, S., Kumar, D., Singh, N., Gangwar, V., & Dishri, M. (2022). Effect of Different Plant Growth Regulators on Fruit Yield and Quality Parameters of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cv. Punjab Naveen. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 2310–2315. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJECC/2022/v12i1131225
- Barad, K., Patel, K., Jangid, R., & Jethava, B. (2020). Effect of application of GA3 and NAA on yield, quality and economics of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) var. Pusa KTS-1. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 8, 1376–1378. https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i5s.10493
- Dahal, M., Kumar, J., Silas, V. J., Devkota, S., & Dahal, A. (2022). Effect of naphthaleic acetic acid (NAA) on growth and yield attributing characteristics of chilli (Capsicum annum L.), Pusa Jwala. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 11(7), 1830–1833. https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/?year=2022&vol=11&issue=7&ArticleId=14194
- Dalai, S., Singh, M. K., Kumar, M., Singh, K. V., & Kumar, V. (2019). GROWTH, FLOWERING AND YIELD OF CUCUMBER (CUCUMIS SATIVUS L.) AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NAA AND GA3. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/GROWTH%2C-FLOWERING-AND-YIELD-OF-CUCUMBER-(CUCUMIS-AS-Dalai-Singh/a708d0cb35b9a81b0248a392ba29282532da9e5a
- Gurjar, J. S., Banafar, R. N. S., Gupta, N. K., Gurjar, P. K. S., & Singh, L. (2018). Effect of NAA, GA3 on growth and yield of tomato varieties. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(5), 3157–3160. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2018.v7.i5.6045/effect-of-naa-ga3-on-growth-and-yield-of-tomato-varieties
- Jakhar, D., Thaneshwari, T., Nain, S., & Jakhar, N. (2018). Effect of Plant Growth Regulator on Growth, Yield & Quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopericum) Cultivar “Shivaji” under Punjab Condition. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.706.311
- Jakhar, R. K., Singh, S. P., Ola, A. L., Jat, H. R., & Netwal, M. (2018). Effect of NAA and boron levels on growth and quality of sprouting broccoli [Brassica oleracea (L.) var. Italica Plenck]. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(5), 3402–3405. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2018.v7.i5.6096/effect-of-naa-and-boron-levels-on-growth-and-quality-of-sprouting-broccoli-ltemgtbrassica-oleracea-ltemgtl-var-ltemgtitalica-ltemgtplenck
- Jena, A. K., Deuri, R., Sharma, P., & Singh, S. P. (2018). Underutilized vegetable crops and their importance. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(5), 402–407. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2018.v7.i5.5570/underutilized-vegetable-crops-and-their-importance
- Kaur, P., & Mal, D. (2018). Effect of foliar spray of NAA and GA3 on the growth, curd formation and yield of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(3), 2805–2807. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2018.v7.i3.4594/effect-of-foliar-spray-of-naa-and-ga3-on-the-growth-curd-formation-and-yield-of-cauliflower-ltemgtbrassica-oleracealtemgt-l-var-botrytis
- Khadr, A., Wang, G.-L., Wang, Y.-H., Zhang, R.-R., Wang, X.-R., Xu, Z.-S., Tian, Y.-S., & Xiong, A.-S. (2020). Effects of auxin (indole-3-butyric acid) on growth characteristics, lignification, and expression profiles of genes involved in lignin biosynthesis in carrot taproot. PeerJ, 8, e10492. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10492
- Khan, M. N., & Nabi, G. (2023). Role of Auxin in vegetative growth, flowering, yield and fruit quality of Horticultural crops—A review. Pure and Applied Biology (PAB), 12(2), Article 2. https://www.thepab.org/index.php/journal/article/view/2639
- Kumar, S., Singh, R., Singh, V., Singh, M. K., & Singh, A. K. (2018). Effect of plant growth regulators on growth, flowering, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(1), 41–44. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2018.v7.i1.2483/effect-of-plant-growth-regulators-on-growth-flowering-yield-and-quality-of-tomato-solanum-lycopersicum-l
- Kumar, V., Singh, D., & Wesley, C. J. (2023). Effect of Plant Growth Regulator (GA3 and NAA) on Growth, Yield and Quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 13(10), 2636–2643. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i102928
- Mahindre, P. B., Jawarkar, A. K., Ghawade, S. M., & Tayade, V. D. (2018). Effect of different concentration of plant growth regulators on growth and quality of green chilli. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(1S), 3040–3042. https://www.phytojournal.com/special-issue/2018.v7.i1S.3956/effect-of-different-concentration-of-plant-growth-regulators-on-growth-and-quality-of-green-chilli
- Neelam, Kumar, J., Silas, V. J., Singh, A., & Goyal, A. K. (2023). Effect of foliar spray of GA3 and NAA on growth, yield, and quality of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata L.). The Pharma Innovation Journal, 12(7), 291–294. https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/?year=2023&vol=12&issue=7&ArticleId=21170
- Pramanik, K., & Mohapatra, P. (2017). Role of Auxin on Growth, Yield and Quality of Tomato—A Review. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6, 1624–1636. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.611.195
- Rehman, M. U., & Yadav, K. S. (2022). Influence of GA3 and NAA on flowering, fruiting and yield attributes of capsicum cv. Indra under protected structures: Influence of GA3 and NAA on capsicum. Journal of AgriSearch, 9(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.21921/jas.v9i01.9906
- Sharif, R., Su, L., Chen, X., Qi, X., Sharif, R., Su, L., Chen, X., & Qi, X. (2022). Involvement of auxin in growth and stress response of cucumber. Vegetable Research, 2(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.48130/VR-2022-0013
- Sharma, P., Sharma, A., Bhardwaj, N., & ... S. (2022). Influence of GA and NAA on growth, yield and quality of tomato 3 (Solanum lycopersicum L.).
- Singh, D. S., Saxena, D. A., & Chand, V. (2021a). INFLUENCE OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS (GA 3 ) AND (NAA) ON GROWTH AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF BRINJAL ( SOLANUM MELONGENA L.). https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/INFLUENCE-OF-PLANT-GROWTH-REGULATORS-(GA-3-)-AND-ON-Singh-Saxena/c72a7eaafc47c8caeec6beb32faa7adb93ddf381
- Singh, D. S., Saxena, D. A., & Chand, V. (2021b). INFLUENCE OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS (GA 3 ) AND (NAA) ON GROWTH AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF BRINJAL ( SOLANUM MELONGENA L.). https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/INFLUENCE-OF-PLANT-GROWTH-REGULATORS-(GA-3-)-AND-ON-Singh-Saxena/c72a7eaafc47c8caeec6beb32faa7adb93ddf381
- Singh, D., Vadodaria, J., & Morwal, B. (2017). Effect of GA 3 and NAA on Yield and Quality of Okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus L ). Journal of Krishi Vigyan, 6, 65. https://doi.org/10.5958/2349-4433.2017.00052.6
- Singh, J., Dwivedi, A., & Devi, P. (2019). Effect of plant growth regulators on yield attributes and quality trait of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Effect-of-plant-growth-regulators-on-yield-and-of-(-Singh-Dwivedi/62c0d2fb63d53181a162740cb053c6d775b0966e
- Singh, P., Singh, D., Jaiswal, D., Singh, D. K., & Singh, V. (2017). Impact of Naphthalene Acetic Acid and Gibberellic Acid on Growth and Yield of Capsicum, Capsicum annum (L.) cv. Indra under Shade Net Conditions. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6, 2457–2462. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.606.291
- Singh, S. K., Kumar, A., Beer, K., Singh, V. P., & Patel, S. K. (2018). Effect of Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and Gibberellic Acid (GA3) on Growth and Fruit Quality of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(3), 306–311. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.036
- Sosnowski, J., Truba, M., & Vasileva, V. (2023). The Impact of Auxin and Cytokinin on the Growth and Development of Selected Crops. Agriculture, 13(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030724
- Toensmeier, E., Ferguson, R., & Mehra, M. (2020). Perennial vegetables: A neglected resource for biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and nutrition. PLOS ONE, 15(7), e0234611. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234611
- Ujjwal, V., Singh, M. K., Dev, P., Chaudhary, M., Kumar, A., & Maurya, R. L. (2018). Impact of foliar application of different levels of GA<sub>3</sub> and NAA on reproductive and quality parameters of tomato (<em>Solanum Lycopersicum</em> L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(5S), 84–86. https://www.phytojournal.com/special-issue/2018.v7.i5S.6583/impact-of-foliar-application-of-different-levels-of-galtsubgt3ltsubgt-and-naa-on-reproductive-and-quality-parameters-of-tomato-ltemgtsolanum-lycopersicumltemgt-l
- Verma, R. K., Sharma, R. P., Mandal, B. K., Singh, A. P., Kumar, V., & Verma, R. B. (2020). Assessment the influence of Auxins on growth, yield and economics of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata L.) in Bihar. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 8(2), 2577–2579. https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i2am.9137
- Vidyullatha, L., & Topno, S. (2022). Effect of Naphthalene Acetic Acid & Indole Acetic Acid on Growth, Yield and Quality of Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.). International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 1460–1469. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i2231519
References
Bagale, P., Pandey, S., Regmi, P., & Bhusal, S. (2022). Role of Plant Growth Regulator “Gibberellins” in Vegetable Production: An Overview. 9, 291–299. https://doi.org/10.22059/IJHST.2021.329114.495
Bajaj, S., Kumar, D., Singh, N., Gangwar, V., & Dishri, M. (2022). Effect of Different Plant Growth Regulators on Fruit Yield and Quality Parameters of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cv. Punjab Naveen. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 2310–2315. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJECC/2022/v12i1131225
Barad, K., Patel, K., Jangid, R., & Jethava, B. (2020). Effect of application of GA3 and NAA on yield, quality and economics of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) var. Pusa KTS-1. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 8, 1376–1378. https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i5s.10493
Dahal, M., Kumar, J., Silas, V. J., Devkota, S., & Dahal, A. (2022). Effect of naphthaleic acetic acid (NAA) on growth and yield attributing characteristics of chilli (Capsicum annum L.), Pusa Jwala. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 11(7), 1830–1833. https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/?year=2022&vol=11&issue=7&ArticleId=14194
Dalai, S., Singh, M. K., Kumar, M., Singh, K. V., & Kumar, V. (2019). GROWTH, FLOWERING AND YIELD OF CUCUMBER (CUCUMIS SATIVUS L.) AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NAA AND GA3. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/GROWTH%2C-FLOWERING-AND-YIELD-OF-CUCUMBER-(CUCUMIS-AS-Dalai-Singh/a708d0cb35b9a81b0248a392ba29282532da9e5a
Gurjar, J. S., Banafar, R. N. S., Gupta, N. K., Gurjar, P. K. S., & Singh, L. (2018). Effect of NAA, GA3 on growth and yield of tomato varieties. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(5), 3157–3160. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2018.v7.i5.6045/effect-of-naa-ga3-on-growth-and-yield-of-tomato-varieties
Jakhar, D., Thaneshwari, T., Nain, S., & Jakhar, N. (2018). Effect of Plant Growth Regulator on Growth, Yield & Quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopericum) Cultivar “Shivaji” under Punjab Condition. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.706.311
Jakhar, R. K., Singh, S. P., Ola, A. L., Jat, H. R., & Netwal, M. (2018). Effect of NAA and boron levels on growth and quality of sprouting broccoli [Brassica oleracea (L.) var. Italica Plenck]. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(5), 3402–3405. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2018.v7.i5.6096/effect-of-naa-and-boron-levels-on-growth-and-quality-of-sprouting-broccoli-ltemgtbrassica-oleracea-ltemgtl-var-ltemgtitalica-ltemgtplenck
Jena, A. K., Deuri, R., Sharma, P., & Singh, S. P. (2018). Underutilized vegetable crops and their importance. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(5), 402–407. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2018.v7.i5.5570/underutilized-vegetable-crops-and-their-importance
Kaur, P., & Mal, D. (2018). Effect of foliar spray of NAA and GA3 on the growth, curd formation and yield of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(3), 2805–2807. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2018.v7.i3.4594/effect-of-foliar-spray-of-naa-and-ga3-on-the-growth-curd-formation-and-yield-of-cauliflower-ltemgtbrassica-oleracealtemgt-l-var-botrytis
Khadr, A., Wang, G.-L., Wang, Y.-H., Zhang, R.-R., Wang, X.-R., Xu, Z.-S., Tian, Y.-S., & Xiong, A.-S. (2020). Effects of auxin (indole-3-butyric acid) on growth characteristics, lignification, and expression profiles of genes involved in lignin biosynthesis in carrot taproot. PeerJ, 8, e10492. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10492
Khan, M. N., & Nabi, G. (2023). Role of Auxin in vegetative growth, flowering, yield and fruit quality of Horticultural crops—A review. Pure and Applied Biology (PAB), 12(2), Article 2. https://www.thepab.org/index.php/journal/article/view/2639
Kumar, S., Singh, R., Singh, V., Singh, M. K., & Singh, A. K. (2018). Effect of plant growth regulators on growth, flowering, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(1), 41–44. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2018.v7.i1.2483/effect-of-plant-growth-regulators-on-growth-flowering-yield-and-quality-of-tomato-solanum-lycopersicum-l
Kumar, V., Singh, D., & Wesley, C. J. (2023). Effect of Plant Growth Regulator (GA3 and NAA) on Growth, Yield and Quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 13(10), 2636–2643. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i102928
Mahindre, P. B., Jawarkar, A. K., Ghawade, S. M., & Tayade, V. D. (2018). Effect of different concentration of plant growth regulators on growth and quality of green chilli. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(1S), 3040–3042. https://www.phytojournal.com/special-issue/2018.v7.i1S.3956/effect-of-different-concentration-of-plant-growth-regulators-on-growth-and-quality-of-green-chilli
Neelam, Kumar, J., Silas, V. J., Singh, A., & Goyal, A. K. (2023). Effect of foliar spray of GA3 and NAA on growth, yield, and quality of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata L.). The Pharma Innovation Journal, 12(7), 291–294. https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/?year=2023&vol=12&issue=7&ArticleId=21170
Pramanik, K., & Mohapatra, P. (2017). Role of Auxin on Growth, Yield and Quality of Tomato—A Review. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6, 1624–1636. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.611.195
Rehman, M. U., & Yadav, K. S. (2022). Influence of GA3 and NAA on flowering, fruiting and yield attributes of capsicum cv. Indra under protected structures: Influence of GA3 and NAA on capsicum. Journal of AgriSearch, 9(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.21921/jas.v9i01.9906
Sharif, R., Su, L., Chen, X., Qi, X., Sharif, R., Su, L., Chen, X., & Qi, X. (2022). Involvement of auxin in growth and stress response of cucumber. Vegetable Research, 2(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.48130/VR-2022-0013
Sharma, P., Sharma, A., Bhardwaj, N., & ... S. (2022). Influence of GA and NAA on growth, yield and quality of tomato 3 (Solanum lycopersicum L.).
Singh, D. S., Saxena, D. A., & Chand, V. (2021a). INFLUENCE OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS (GA 3 ) AND (NAA) ON GROWTH AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF BRINJAL ( SOLANUM MELONGENA L.). https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/INFLUENCE-OF-PLANT-GROWTH-REGULATORS-(GA-3-)-AND-ON-Singh-Saxena/c72a7eaafc47c8caeec6beb32faa7adb93ddf381
Singh, D. S., Saxena, D. A., & Chand, V. (2021b). INFLUENCE OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS (GA 3 ) AND (NAA) ON GROWTH AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF BRINJAL ( SOLANUM MELONGENA L.). https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/INFLUENCE-OF-PLANT-GROWTH-REGULATORS-(GA-3-)-AND-ON-Singh-Saxena/c72a7eaafc47c8caeec6beb32faa7adb93ddf381
Singh, D., Vadodaria, J., & Morwal, B. (2017). Effect of GA 3 and NAA on Yield and Quality of Okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus L ). Journal of Krishi Vigyan, 6, 65. https://doi.org/10.5958/2349-4433.2017.00052.6
Singh, J., Dwivedi, A., & Devi, P. (2019). Effect of plant growth regulators on yield attributes and quality trait of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Effect-of-plant-growth-regulators-on-yield-and-of-(-Singh-Dwivedi/62c0d2fb63d53181a162740cb053c6d775b0966e
Singh, P., Singh, D., Jaiswal, D., Singh, D. K., & Singh, V. (2017). Impact of Naphthalene Acetic Acid and Gibberellic Acid on Growth and Yield of Capsicum, Capsicum annum (L.) cv. Indra under Shade Net Conditions. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6, 2457–2462. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.606.291
Singh, S. K., Kumar, A., Beer, K., Singh, V. P., & Patel, S. K. (2018). Effect of Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and Gibberellic Acid (GA3) on Growth and Fruit Quality of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(3), 306–311. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.036
Sosnowski, J., Truba, M., & Vasileva, V. (2023). The Impact of Auxin and Cytokinin on the Growth and Development of Selected Crops. Agriculture, 13(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030724
Toensmeier, E., Ferguson, R., & Mehra, M. (2020). Perennial vegetables: A neglected resource for biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and nutrition. PLOS ONE, 15(7), e0234611. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234611
Ujjwal, V., Singh, M. K., Dev, P., Chaudhary, M., Kumar, A., & Maurya, R. L. (2018). Impact of foliar application of different levels of GA<sub>3</sub> and NAA on reproductive and quality parameters of tomato (<em>Solanum Lycopersicum</em> L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(5S), 84–86. https://www.phytojournal.com/special-issue/2018.v7.i5S.6583/impact-of-foliar-application-of-different-levels-of-galtsubgt3ltsubgt-and-naa-on-reproductive-and-quality-parameters-of-tomato-ltemgtsolanum-lycopersicumltemgt-l
Verma, R. K., Sharma, R. P., Mandal, B. K., Singh, A. P., Kumar, V., & Verma, R. B. (2020). Assessment the influence of Auxins on growth, yield and economics of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata L.) in Bihar. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 8(2), 2577–2579. https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i2am.9137
Vidyullatha, L., & Topno, S. (2022). Effect of Naphthalene Acetic Acid & Indole Acetic Acid on Growth, Yield and Quality of Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.). International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 1460–1469. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i2231519