Main Article Content
Abstract
The term "phytosome" is derived from two words: "phyto," meaning plant, and "some," meaning cell. Phytosomes are used as delivery systems similar to liposomes, niosomes, transferosomes, and autosomes. Recent research has focused on developing transdermal methods as an easy and effective way to deliver herbal compounds. Plant-based products have been widely used as food supplements to treat inflammation, poisoning, cancer, weight loss, and other acute and chronic disorders. However, plant products often face challenges such as stability issues and poor bioavailability. Phytosome technology addresses these challenges to a significant extent. The transdermal applications of phytosomes for cosmetic purposes have been well established. Currently, phytosome formulations are used to enhance the bioavailability of anti-cancer drugs, antioxidants, drug delivery through the skin, and wound healing.
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References
- Ahmad, S., Ullah, F., Sadiq, A., Ayaz, M., Imran, M., Ali, I., & Shah, M. R. (2016). Chemical composition, antioxidant and anticholinesterase potentials of essential oil of Rumex hastatus D. Don collected from the North West of Pakistan. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 16, 1-11 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4727414/
- Ajazuddin, Alexander, A., Amarji, B., & Kanaujia, P. (2013). Synthesis, characterization and in vitro studies of pegylated melphalan conjugates. Drug development and industrial pharmacy, 39(7), 1053-1062. https://doi.org/10.3109/03639045.2012.702346
- Amudha, S., Prabal, K. M., & Jeganathan, N. S. (2018). Evaluation of anti-diabetic activity of Syzygium cumini extract and its phytosome formulation against streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 7, 603-608. https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/2018/vol7issue6/PartI/7-6-69-550.pdf
- Barani, M., Sangiovanni, E., Angarano, M., Rajizadeh, M. A., Mehrabani, M., Piazza, S., ... & Nematollahi, M. H. (2021). Phytosomes as innovative delivery systems for phytochemicals: A comprehensive review of the literature. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 6983-7022. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2147/IJN.S318416
- Dwivedi, J., Sachan, P., Wal, P., Kosey, S., KHAN, M., & Uzzaman, M. (2023). Progressive Journey of Phytosomes: Preparation, Characterization, Patents, Clinical trials & Commercial products. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 27(5). https://jrespharm.com/abstract.php?id=1341
- Gandhi, A., Dutta, A., Pal, A., & Bakshi, P. (2012). Recent trends of phytosomes for delivering herbal extract with improved bioavailability. Journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, 1(4), 06-14. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives?year=2012&vol=1&issue=4&ArticleId=25&si=false
- Gnananath, K., Nataraj, K. S., & Rao, B. G. (2017). Phospholipid complex technique for superior bioavailability of phytoconstituents. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 7(1), 35. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28507935/
- Ittadwar, P. A., & Puranik, P. K. (2017). Novel umbelliferone phytosomes: development and optimization using experimental design approach and evaluation of photo-protective and antioxidant activity. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci, 9, 218-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i1.14635
- Jadhav, A. I., Wadhave, A. A., Arsul, V. A., & Sawarkar, H. S. (2014). Phytosomes: A novel approach in herbal drug delivery system. International Journal of Pharmaceutics and drug analysis, 2(5), 478-486. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264350410
- Jain, N., Gupta, B. P., Thakur, N., Jain, R., Banweer, J., Jain, D. K., & Jain, S. (2010). Phytosome: a novel drug delivery system for herbal medicine. Int J Pharm Sci Drug Res, 2(4), 224-228. www.ijpsdr.com
- Jiang, Y. N., Yu, Z. P., Yang, Z. M., & Chen, J. M. (2001). Studies on preparation of herba epimedii total flavonoids phytosomes and their pharmaceutics. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi= Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi= China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 26(2), 105-108. https://europepmc.org/article/med/12525105
- Kareparamban, J. A., Nikam, P. H., Jadhav, A. P., & Kadam, V. J. (2012). Phytosome: a novel revolution in herbal drugs. IJRPC, 2(2), 299-310. https://europepmc.org/article/med/12525105
- Kazemi, D., Ebrahimi, S. N., & Kouchaksaraee, R. M. (2022). Fabrication and optimization of physicochemical properties of nano-phytosome from Punica granatum L. peel enriched polyphenol extract. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 21(83), 60-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/jmp.21.83.60
- Kumar, A., Kumar, B., Singh, S. K., Kaur, B., & Singh, S. (2017). A review on phytosomes: novel approach for herbal phytochemicals. Asian J Pharm Clin Res, 10(10), 41-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i10.20424
- Maiti, K., Mukherjee, K., Murugan, V., Saha, B. P., & Mukherjee, P. K. (2010). Enhancing bioavailability and hepatoprotective activity of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata, a well‐known medicinal food, through its herbosome. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 90(1), 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3777
- Manach, C., Scalbert, A., Morand, C., Rémésy, C., & Jiménez, L. (2004). Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 79(5), 727-747. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/79.5.727
- Matharoo, N., Mohd, H., & Michniak‐Kohn, B. (2024). Transferosomes as a transdermal drug delivery system: Dermal kinetics and recent developments. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology, 16(1), e1918. https://doi.org/10.1002/wnan.1918
- Molaveisi, M., Noghabi, M. S., Parastouei, K., & Taheri, R. A. (2021). Fate of nano-phytosomes containing bioactive compounds of Echinacea extract in an acidic food beverage. Food Structure, 27, 100177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foostr.2021.100177
- Pal, P., Dave, V., Paliwal, S., Sharma, M., Potdar, M. B., & Tyagi, A. (2021). Phytosomes—nanoarchitectures' promising clinical applications and therapeutics. Nanopharmaceutical Advanced Delivery Systems, 187-216. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119711698.ch9
- Pastorelli, A. A., Angeletti, R., Binato, G., Mariani, M. B., Cibin, V., Morelli, S., ... & Stacchini, P. (2018). Exposure to cadmium through Italian rice (Oryza sativa L.): consumption and implications for human health. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 69, 115-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2018.02.005
- Pawar, H. A., & Bhangale, B. D. (2015). Phytosome as a novel biomedicine: a microencapsulated drug delivery system. Journal of Bioanalysis & Biomedicine, 7.
- https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/1948-593x.1000116
- Raina, H., Soni, G., Jauhari, N., Sharma, N., & Bharadvaja, N. (2014). Phytochemical importance of medicinal plants as potential sources of anticancer agents. Turkish Journal of Botany, 38(6), 1027-1035. https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/vol38/iss6/1/
- Sbrini, G., Brivio, P., Sangiovanni, E., Fumagalli, M., Racagni, G., Dell’Agli, M., & Calabrese, F. (2020). Chronic treatment with a phytosomal preparation containing Centella asiatica L. and Curcuma longa L. affects local protein synthesis by modulating the BDNF-mTOR-S6 pathway. Biomedicines, 8(12), 544.
- https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8120544
- Semalty, A., Semalty, M., Rawat, M. S. M., & Franceschi, F. (2010). Supramolecular phospholipids–polyphenolics interactions: The PHYTOSOME® strategy to improve the bioavailability of phytochemicals. Fitoterapia, 81(5), 306-314.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2009.11.001
- Sindhumol, P. G., Thomas, M., & Mohanachandran, P. S. (2010). Phytosomes: a novel dosage form for enhancement of bioavailability of botanicals and neutraceuticals. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(4), 10-14. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:77774732
- Singh, R. P., & Ramakant Narke, R. N. (2015). Preparation and evaluation of phytosome of lawsone. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20153431110
- Sriya, K. C., Sai, D., & Sankar, P. R. (2020). Phytosomes: A novel approach for herbal phytochemicals for enhancing the bioavailability. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res, 6, 21-26. https://globalresearchonline.net/journalcontents/v60-2/04.pdf
- Talaat, S. M., Elnaggar, Y. S., El-Ganainy, S. O., Gowayed, M. A., Allam, M., & Abdallah, O. Y. (2023). Self-assembled fisetin-phospholipid complex: Fisetin-integrated phytosomes for effective delivery to breast cancer. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 189, 174-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.06.009
- Visht, S., & Sirwan Salih, S. (2023). Effect of Cholesterol and Different Solvents on Particle Size, Zeta Potential and Drug Release of Eucalyptus Oil Phytosome. Pharmacognosy Research, 15(3).
- https://www.phcogres.com/article/2023/15/3/105530pres153061
- Wardana, M. S., Jufri, M., & Mun’im, A. (2022). Physicochemical properties and nutrition of moringa oleifera lam. leaf extract: a preliminary study on preparation phytosomes as herbal supplement for children. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 14(1), 281-287. https://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2022v14i1.43477
- Yanyu, X., Yunmei, S., Zhipeng, C., & Qineng, P. (2006). The preparation of silybin–phospholipid complex and the study on its pharmacokinetics in rats. International journal of pharmaceutics, 307(1), 77-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.10.001
- Zhang, J., Tang, Q., Xu, X., & Li, N. (2013). Development and evaluation of a novel phytosome-loaded chitosan microsphere system for curcumin delivery. International journal of pharmaceutics, 448(1), 168-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.03.021
References
Ahmad, S., Ullah, F., Sadiq, A., Ayaz, M., Imran, M., Ali, I., & Shah, M. R. (2016). Chemical composition, antioxidant and anticholinesterase potentials of essential oil of Rumex hastatus D. Don collected from the North West of Pakistan. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 16, 1-11 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4727414/
Ajazuddin, Alexander, A., Amarji, B., & Kanaujia, P. (2013). Synthesis, characterization and in vitro studies of pegylated melphalan conjugates. Drug development and industrial pharmacy, 39(7), 1053-1062. https://doi.org/10.3109/03639045.2012.702346
Amudha, S., Prabal, K. M., & Jeganathan, N. S. (2018). Evaluation of anti-diabetic activity of Syzygium cumini extract and its phytosome formulation against streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 7, 603-608. https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/2018/vol7issue6/PartI/7-6-69-550.pdf
Barani, M., Sangiovanni, E., Angarano, M., Rajizadeh, M. A., Mehrabani, M., Piazza, S., ... & Nematollahi, M. H. (2021). Phytosomes as innovative delivery systems for phytochemicals: A comprehensive review of the literature. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 6983-7022. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2147/IJN.S318416
Dwivedi, J., Sachan, P., Wal, P., Kosey, S., KHAN, M., & Uzzaman, M. (2023). Progressive Journey of Phytosomes: Preparation, Characterization, Patents, Clinical trials & Commercial products. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 27(5). https://jrespharm.com/abstract.php?id=1341
Gandhi, A., Dutta, A., Pal, A., & Bakshi, P. (2012). Recent trends of phytosomes for delivering herbal extract with improved bioavailability. Journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, 1(4), 06-14. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives?year=2012&vol=1&issue=4&ArticleId=25&si=false
Gnananath, K., Nataraj, K. S., & Rao, B. G. (2017). Phospholipid complex technique for superior bioavailability of phytoconstituents. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 7(1), 35. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28507935/
Ittadwar, P. A., & Puranik, P. K. (2017). Novel umbelliferone phytosomes: development and optimization using experimental design approach and evaluation of photo-protective and antioxidant activity. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci, 9, 218-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i1.14635
Jadhav, A. I., Wadhave, A. A., Arsul, V. A., & Sawarkar, H. S. (2014). Phytosomes: A novel approach in herbal drug delivery system. International Journal of Pharmaceutics and drug analysis, 2(5), 478-486. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264350410
Jain, N., Gupta, B. P., Thakur, N., Jain, R., Banweer, J., Jain, D. K., & Jain, S. (2010). Phytosome: a novel drug delivery system for herbal medicine. Int J Pharm Sci Drug Res, 2(4), 224-228. www.ijpsdr.com
Jiang, Y. N., Yu, Z. P., Yang, Z. M., & Chen, J. M. (2001). Studies on preparation of herba epimedii total flavonoids phytosomes and their pharmaceutics. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi= Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi= China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 26(2), 105-108. https://europepmc.org/article/med/12525105
Kareparamban, J. A., Nikam, P. H., Jadhav, A. P., & Kadam, V. J. (2012). Phytosome: a novel revolution in herbal drugs. IJRPC, 2(2), 299-310. https://europepmc.org/article/med/12525105
Kazemi, D., Ebrahimi, S. N., & Kouchaksaraee, R. M. (2022). Fabrication and optimization of physicochemical properties of nano-phytosome from Punica granatum L. peel enriched polyphenol extract. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 21(83), 60-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/jmp.21.83.60
Kumar, A., Kumar, B., Singh, S. K., Kaur, B., & Singh, S. (2017). A review on phytosomes: novel approach for herbal phytochemicals. Asian J Pharm Clin Res, 10(10), 41-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i10.20424
Maiti, K., Mukherjee, K., Murugan, V., Saha, B. P., & Mukherjee, P. K. (2010). Enhancing bioavailability and hepatoprotective activity of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata, a well‐known medicinal food, through its herbosome. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 90(1), 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3777
Manach, C., Scalbert, A., Morand, C., Rémésy, C., & Jiménez, L. (2004). Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 79(5), 727-747. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/79.5.727
Matharoo, N., Mohd, H., & Michniak‐Kohn, B. (2024). Transferosomes as a transdermal drug delivery system: Dermal kinetics and recent developments. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology, 16(1), e1918. https://doi.org/10.1002/wnan.1918
Molaveisi, M., Noghabi, M. S., Parastouei, K., & Taheri, R. A. (2021). Fate of nano-phytosomes containing bioactive compounds of Echinacea extract in an acidic food beverage. Food Structure, 27, 100177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foostr.2021.100177
Pal, P., Dave, V., Paliwal, S., Sharma, M., Potdar, M. B., & Tyagi, A. (2021). Phytosomes—nanoarchitectures' promising clinical applications and therapeutics. Nanopharmaceutical Advanced Delivery Systems, 187-216. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119711698.ch9
Pastorelli, A. A., Angeletti, R., Binato, G., Mariani, M. B., Cibin, V., Morelli, S., ... & Stacchini, P. (2018). Exposure to cadmium through Italian rice (Oryza sativa L.): consumption and implications for human health. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 69, 115-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2018.02.005
Pawar, H. A., & Bhangale, B. D. (2015). Phytosome as a novel biomedicine: a microencapsulated drug delivery system. Journal of Bioanalysis & Biomedicine, 7.
https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/1948-593x.1000116
Raina, H., Soni, G., Jauhari, N., Sharma, N., & Bharadvaja, N. (2014). Phytochemical importance of medicinal plants as potential sources of anticancer agents. Turkish Journal of Botany, 38(6), 1027-1035. https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/vol38/iss6/1/
Sbrini, G., Brivio, P., Sangiovanni, E., Fumagalli, M., Racagni, G., Dell’Agli, M., & Calabrese, F. (2020). Chronic treatment with a phytosomal preparation containing Centella asiatica L. and Curcuma longa L. affects local protein synthesis by modulating the BDNF-mTOR-S6 pathway. Biomedicines, 8(12), 544.
https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8120544
Semalty, A., Semalty, M., Rawat, M. S. M., & Franceschi, F. (2010). Supramolecular phospholipids–polyphenolics interactions: The PHYTOSOME® strategy to improve the bioavailability of phytochemicals. Fitoterapia, 81(5), 306-314.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2009.11.001
Sindhumol, P. G., Thomas, M., & Mohanachandran, P. S. (2010). Phytosomes: a novel dosage form for enhancement of bioavailability of botanicals and neutraceuticals. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(4), 10-14. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:77774732
Singh, R. P., & Ramakant Narke, R. N. (2015). Preparation and evaluation of phytosome of lawsone. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20153431110
Sriya, K. C., Sai, D., & Sankar, P. R. (2020). Phytosomes: A novel approach for herbal phytochemicals for enhancing the bioavailability. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res, 6, 21-26. https://globalresearchonline.net/journalcontents/v60-2/04.pdf
Talaat, S. M., Elnaggar, Y. S., El-Ganainy, S. O., Gowayed, M. A., Allam, M., & Abdallah, O. Y. (2023). Self-assembled fisetin-phospholipid complex: Fisetin-integrated phytosomes for effective delivery to breast cancer. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 189, 174-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.06.009
Visht, S., & Sirwan Salih, S. (2023). Effect of Cholesterol and Different Solvents on Particle Size, Zeta Potential and Drug Release of Eucalyptus Oil Phytosome. Pharmacognosy Research, 15(3).
https://www.phcogres.com/article/2023/15/3/105530pres153061
Wardana, M. S., Jufri, M., & Mun’im, A. (2022). Physicochemical properties and nutrition of moringa oleifera lam. leaf extract: a preliminary study on preparation phytosomes as herbal supplement for children. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 14(1), 281-287. https://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2022v14i1.43477
Yanyu, X., Yunmei, S., Zhipeng, C., & Qineng, P. (2006). The preparation of silybin–phospholipid complex and the study on its pharmacokinetics in rats. International journal of pharmaceutics, 307(1), 77-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.10.001
Zhang, J., Tang, Q., Xu, X., & Li, N. (2013). Development and evaluation of a novel phytosome-loaded chitosan microsphere system for curcumin delivery. International journal of pharmaceutics, 448(1), 168-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.03.021