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Abstract

Plant- and mineral-origin poisonings are among the major challenges in veterinary medicine and can cause severe complications or even death by disrupting the functions of vital organ systems. Plant toxins include alkaloids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and other secondary metabolites, whereas mineral toxins mainly comprise toxic metals and metalloids such as lead, arsenic, mercury, and copper. These compounds exert their toxic effects through various mechanisms, including enzyme inhibition, disruption of cellular membrane function, induction of oxidative stress, damage to the nervous system, liver, kidneys, and cardiovascular system, and interference with cellular metabolism. This review aimed to examine the mechanisms of action of plant- and mineral-origin toxins, their associated clinical manifestations and pathological effects, and the principles and therapeutic measures used in managing poisoning cases. This review article was prepared based on data collected from scientific articles published in reputable international journals and reliable scientific websites. The findings indicated that an accurate understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity and the selection of appropriate treatments according to the type of toxin can play important roles in early diagnosis, reducing complications, and improving treatment outcomes. Therapeutic management, based on the general principles of poisoning management, includes assessing and stabilizing vital signs, removing the source of toxin exposure, reducing toxin absorption, administering specific antidotes when available, and providing supportive and symptomatic therapy. In conclusion, rapid diagnosis, timely intervention, and appropriate clinical management can significantly reduce mortality and long-term complications associated with plant- and mineral-origin poisoning.

Keywords

Management Measures Mechanism of Action Poison Treatment

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Sadaat, S. S. S. . (2026). An Overview of How Toxins of Plant and Mineral Origin Work and Their Therapeutic Measures. Journal of Natural Sciences – Kabul University, 9(2), 83–116. https://doi.org/10.62810/jns.v9i2.533
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