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Abstract
Floods are the quantity of water that overflows the banks of rivers and streams and inundates areas that are usually dry. Afghanistan is a flood-prone country, with flash and riverine floods occurring more frequently. To achieve this, a systematic review was conducted to search international databases, including Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, EM-DAT, and ResearchGate, to collect relevant information on the impact of flood disasters in Afghanistan. The result shows that 89 flood events have occurred in the country since 2000, and the highest number of disasters occurred in 2003 and 2005, with 8 in both years. Heavy, sudden rains were the leading cause of the flooding. However, the total damage cost is not available in the period under consideration. To reduce the impact of floods, relevant government agencies should conduct further research to determine the economic impact of floods on Afghanistan.
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References
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References
1. Abdul J, Shokory N, Tsutsumi J ichiro G, Sakai K. Flood Modeling and Simulation using iRIC : A Case Study of Kabul City. 2016;04003:1–6.
2. Jonkman SN, Vrijling JK. Loss of life due to floods. J Flood Risk Manag [Internet]. 2008 May 1;1(1):43–56. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-318X.2008.00006.x
3. Jonkman SN. Global Perspectives on Loss of Human Life Caused by Floods. Nat Hazards [Internet]. 2005;34(2):151–75. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-004-8891-3
4. Douben KJ. Characteristics of river floods and flooding: a global overview, 1985–2003. Irrig Drain [Internet]. 2006 Jul 1;55(S1):S9–21. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.239
5. Hrdinka T, Novický O, Hanslík E, Rieder M. Possible impacts of floods and droughts on water quality. J Hydro-environment Res [Internet]. 2012;6(2):145–50. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570644312000093
6. Iqbal A, Nazir H. Community perceptions of flood risks and their attributes: A case study of rural communities of Khipro, District Sanghar, Pakistan. Urban Clim [Internet]. 2023;52:101715. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212095523003097
7. Jawadi HA, Malistani H. Climate Change and Variability Effects on Water supplies , Hazards , Land degradation and Migration in Afghanistan ( with examples from Central Highlands ). 2020;(December 2019).
8. World Bank Group. Afghanistan disster risk profile. 2017. p. 17.
9. Rahman M, Ningsheng C, Mahmud GI, Islam MM, Pourghasemi HR, Ahmad H, et al. Flooding and its relationship with land cover change, population growth, and road density. Geosci Front [Internet]. 2021;12(6):101224. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987121000888
10. Basheer A. Emergency and Disaster Reports and technological disasters. Emerg disaster Rep. 2014;1(2334–9932):25–62.
11. World Bank Group. Disaster Risk Profile Afghnistan [Internet]. 2017. Available from: https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/files/afghanistan_low_FINAL.pdf
12. adpc Asian Disaster Preparedness Center and (UNDRR) UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. Disaster Risk Reduction in Afghanistan: Status Report 2020 [Internet]. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). 2020. Available from: https://www.undrr.org/publication/disaster-risk-reduction-india-status-report-2020
13. Iqbal MS, Dahri ZH, Querner EP, Khan A, Hofstra N. Impact of climate change on flood frequency and intensity in the kabul river basin. Vol. 8, Geosciences (Switzerland). 2018.
14. Ikram QD, Jamalzi AR, Hamidi A, Ullah I, Shahab M. Flood risk assessment of the population in Afghanistan: A spatial analysis of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Nat Hazards Res. 2023 Sep 1;
15. Svetlana D, Radovan D, Ján D. The Economic Impact of Floods and their Importance in Different Regions of the World with Emphasis on Europe. Procedia Econ Financ. 2015;34(15):649–55.
16. Haque MM, Islam S, Sikder MB, Islam MS, Tabassum A. Assessment of flood vulnerability in Jamuna floodplain: a case study in Jamalpur district, Bangladesh. Nat Hazards [Internet]. 2023;116(1):341–63. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05677-1
17. Ashok Kumar Sharma. Sharma, State, Management - 2015 - Natural Disasters Preparedness, Mitigation and Management-annotated.pdf. 2015.
18. Khayyam U. Floods: impacts on livelihood, economic status and poverty in the north-west region of Pakistan. Nat Hazards [Internet]. 2020;102(3):1033–56. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-03944-7
19. Lornn Odm EE and WW. Flood assessment after Cempaka Cyclone 2019 in Imogiri District, Bantul Regency of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Earth Environ Sci. 2021;7.
20. Bangalore M, Smith A, Veldkamp T. Exposure to Floods , Climate Change , and Poverty in Vietnam. 2019;79–99.
21. Ikram QD, Jamalzi AR, Hamidi AR, Ullah I, Shahab M. Flood risk assessment of the population in Afghanistan: A spatial analysis of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Nat Hazards Res [Internet]. 2024;4(1):46–55. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nhres.2023.09.006
22. Fazel-Rastgar F, Sivakumar V. A case study of an extreme flooding episode in Charikar, Eastern Afghanistan. J Water Clim Chang. 2023;14(12):4689–707.
23. Abdul Rashid Wiar and Nazir Khan M. Floods Impacts on the Socio-Economic of Livelihoods in Paktia Afghanistan. 2021;10.
24. Perwaiz A, Parviainen J, Somboon P, Mcdonald A, Kumar A, Wilcox T, et al. Disaster Risk Reduction in Afghanistan. 2020;
25. Akhundzadah NA, Soltani S, Aich V. the Kunduz River Basin , Afghanistan. 2020;
26. public_emdat_custom_request_2024-09-15_4351021d-06a2-4567-862e-f3427ab93997.