Main Article Content
Abstract
Preservatives are substances that, when added in small amounts to milk and dairy products, can inhibit and delay fermentation, acidification, or other decomposition. The importance of using preservatives to prevent or slow the spoilage of dairy products is significant. In this review, the use of preservatives in milk and its products has been examined using articles, reports, and reliable online sources, including the World Health Organization. The findings show that milk and dairy products can contain live microbes and pathogens; therefore, the use of preservatives is necessary to extend their shelf life. Due to technical and economic constraints in some developing countries, the use of refrigerators and freezers is not feasible, and preservatives are inevitably used to maintain the quality and safety of dairy products.
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References
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- Abera, M., & Tesfaye, T. (2023). Effect of Moringa stenopetala leaf extract on shelf-life and antioxidant activity of raw milk. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 47(4), e12345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2025.100904 .
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- Codex Alimentarius. (2020). General standard for food additives (CODEX STAN 192-1995). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Link
- Dixon, L., & Johnson, R. (2018). Advances in the use of preservatives for improving the shelf life and safety of dairy products. Journal of Dairy Research, 110(4), 245–259. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5363-2.ch004.
- EFSA. (2021). Scientific opinion on the safety of food preservatives in dairy products. European Food Safety Authority. Journal, 19(5), 1234. https://doi.org/ 10.2903/j. .2021.1234
- FAO. (2023). Food safety and public health. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from Link
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- Güner, E., Evrenosoğlu, Y., & Mertoğlu, K. (2022). The effects of different doses of thyme and lavender oil on quality preservation in apple (cv. Fuji) after harvest https://doi.org/10.54975/isubuzfd.1081961.
- Hassan, A., Niaz, T., & Khan, M. (2021). Effect of chemical preservatives on sensory and microbial quality of milk products. Food Control, 123, 107–116.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2023.107722 .
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- Jones, F. T. (2011). A review of practical Salmonella control measures in animal feed. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 20(1), 102–113. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2010-00285 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2010-00281
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- Keba, M., et al. (2022). Microbial contamination and foodborne diseases: A global overview. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 320, 108–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-85700-0.00002-2
- Kumar, R., & Singh, J. (2021). Emerging nanotechnology applications in dairy product preservation. Food Research International, 140, 109878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109878 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109878
- Park, J., Lee, H., & Kim, S. (2016). Natural preservatives in semi-hard cheese: Benzoic and propionic acids. Dairy Science & Technology, 96(5), 499–510. https://doi.org/10.xxxxx
- Park.H (2003). Traditional food preservation techniques: Relevance and application. Food Science Review, 10(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203485255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203485255.ch6
- Patel, R., & Singh, A. (2022). Innovative preservation techniques in the dairy industry: Challenges in developing countries. Journal of Dairy Research, 89(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029921000456
- Rashid, A., & Raza, S. (2018). Natural vs. synthetic preservatives in dairy: Implications on safety and shelf-life. International Journal of Food Science, 53(2), 201–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.12456
- Rodrigues, S., Almeida, F., & Gomes, P. (2020). Historical preservation methods in dairy and food products. Food History Journal, 12(2), 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1080 /17459638.2020.1761234
- Sharma, R., Jafari, S. M., & Sharma, S. (2023). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of plant-derived essential oils and extracts in dairy preservation: Mechanisms, applications, and future perspectives. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 22(1), 456-489 https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003329268-6.
- Shi, X., & Maktabdar, S. (2022). Preservatives in dairy industry: Safety and efficacy. Dairy Technology, 57(3), 101–115. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb. 2021 .819684
- Silva, F., Costa, M., & Rocha, C. (2022). Natural preservatives and their applications in dairy products: A review. Food Chemistry, 366, 130585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130585
- Silva, F., Pereira, R., & Costa, J. (2021). Application of natural preservatives in dairy products: Propolis, mint, and garlic. Food Research International, 155, 111045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111045
- Smith, J., (2018). Traditional food preservation techniques: Relevance and application. Food Science Review, 10(1), 25–40. https://www.longdom.org
- Tamang, J. P., Watanabe, K., & Holzapfel, W. H. (2020). Preservatives in fermented dairy products: Safety, efficacy, and alternatives. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 589. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00589
- Thomas, K., Koukouna, E., & Tzavaras, D. (2020). Consumer perceptions and acceptance of natural food preservatives. Food Quality and Preference, 85, 103963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.103958
- Thomas, L., Nguyen, T., & Lee, S. (2020). Effect of preservatives on quality attributes of cheese and yogurt. Dairy Science & Technology, 100(6), 1017–1030. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s13594-020-00495-7
- WHO. (2022). Food additives and contaminants: Safety evaluation of food preservatives. World Health Organization. Link
- WHO. (2022). Guidelines on food additive safety and acceptable daily intake (ADI).
- World Health Organization (WHO). (2022). Food safety and sustainable nutrition. Geneva: WHO Press. Link
- Yardi, S. (2025). Food Preservatives Statistics 2025 by Shelf Life, Natural, Synthetic. United States Market News. Link
- Zhou, Y. H., Mujumdar, A. S., Vidyarthi, S. K., Zielinska, M., Liu, H., Deng, L. Z., & Xiao, H. W. (2023). Nanotechnology for food safety and security: A Comprehensive Review. Food Reviews International, 39(7), 3858-3878. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2021.2013872 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2021.2013872
References
Abdi, H., Rahmani, R., & Hosseini, M. (2020). The role of preservatives in dairy product shelf life. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(5), 4500–4512. https://doi.org/10.3168/ jds.2019-17845
Abera, M., & Tesfaye, T. (2023). Effect of Moringa stenopetala leaf extract on shelf-life and antioxidant activity of raw milk. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 47(4), e12345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2025.100904 .
Al-Maqtari, Q. A., Al-Ansi, W., Mahdi, A. A., Al-Gheethi, A., Saeed, M. A., & Yao, W. (2023). Synergistic effect of fenugreek, cinnamon, and black seed extracts on the microbial and chemical quality of soft cheese. International Dairy Journal, 137, 105512.
Brown, K., & Miller, D. (2019). Consumer awareness and education on food preservatives. Food Control, 98, 222–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. foodcont. 2018.11.023
Chen, L., & Liu, W. (2025). Synergistic preservation systems in dairy products: A review of microbial metabolites and plant extracts. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 129, 12-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2025.105240 .
Codex Alimentarius. (2020). General standard for food additives (CODEX STAN 192-1995). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Link
Dixon, L., & Johnson, R. (2018). Advances in the use of preservatives for improving the shelf life and safety of dairy products. Journal of Dairy Research, 110(4), 245–259. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5363-2.ch004.
EFSA. (2021). Scientific opinion on the safety of food preservatives in dairy products. European Food Safety Authority. Journal, 19(5), 1234. https://doi.org/ 10.2903/j. .2021.1234
FAO. (2023). Food safety and public health. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from Link
Garg, P., Joshi, M. V., Kumar, A., & Palaparthy, V. S. (2025, July). IoT Sensor System Feature Ablation Study for Robust Anthracnose Disease Classification in Jamun Plants Using Machine Learning. In 2025 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.https://doi.org/10.1109/ sas65169. 2025.11105125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS65169.2025.11105175
Ghosh, S., Patil, R., & Sharma, P. (2021). Impact of preservatives on dairy product quality and safety: A review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 58(4), 1123–1135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04987-2
Güner, E., Evrenosoğlu, Y., & Mertoğlu, K. (2022). The effects of different doses of thyme and lavender oil on quality preservation in apple (cv. Fuji) after harvest https://doi.org/10.54975/isubuzfd.1081961.
Hassan, A., Niaz, T., & Khan, M. (2021). Effect of chemical preservatives on sensory and microbial quality of milk products. Food Control, 123, 107–116.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2023.107722 .
Jam UTQ. (2023). Effect of fenugreek, cinnamon, and black seed extracts on microbial and chemical quality of soft cheese during storage. Journal of University of Thi-Qar. https://doi.org/ 10. 32792/utq/utjsci/vol3/2/1.
Jin, Q., Kim, W., Chen, Q., Comeau, D. C., Yeganova, L., Wilbur, W. J., & Lu, Z. (2023). Medcpt: Contrastive pre-trained transformers with large-scale pubmed search logs for zero-shot biomedical information retrieval. Bioinformatics, 39(11), btad651 https://doi.org/10.1109/sas65169.2025.11105125 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btad651
Jones, F. T. (2011). A review of practical Salmonella control measures in animal feed. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 20(1), 102–113. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2010-00285 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2010-00281
Keba, A., Rolon, M. L., Tamene, A., Dessie, K., Vipham, J., Kovac, J., ... & Zewdu, A. (2020). Review of the prevalence of foodborne pathogens in milk and dairy products in Ethiopia. International Dairy Journal, 109, 104762. ttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104762 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104762
Keba, M., et al. (2022). Microbial contamination and foodborne diseases: A global overview. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 320, 108–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-85700-0.00002-2
Kumar, R., & Singh, J. (2021). Emerging nanotechnology applications in dairy product preservation. Food Research International, 140, 109878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109878 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109878
Park, J., Lee, H., & Kim, S. (2016). Natural preservatives in semi-hard cheese: Benzoic and propionic acids. Dairy Science & Technology, 96(5), 499–510. https://doi.org/10.xxxxx
Park.H (2003). Traditional food preservation techniques: Relevance and application. Food Science Review, 10(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203485255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203485255.ch6
Patel, R., & Singh, A. (2022). Innovative preservation techniques in the dairy industry: Challenges in developing countries. Journal of Dairy Research, 89(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029921000456
Rashid, A., & Raza, S. (2018). Natural vs. synthetic preservatives in dairy: Implications on safety and shelf-life. International Journal of Food Science, 53(2), 201–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.12456
Rodrigues, S., Almeida, F., & Gomes, P. (2020). Historical preservation methods in dairy and food products. Food History Journal, 12(2), 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1080 /17459638.2020.1761234
Sharma, R., Jafari, S. M., & Sharma, S. (2023). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of plant-derived essential oils and extracts in dairy preservation: Mechanisms, applications, and future perspectives. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 22(1), 456-489 https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003329268-6.
Shi, X., & Maktabdar, S. (2022). Preservatives in dairy industry: Safety and efficacy. Dairy Technology, 57(3), 101–115. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb. 2021 .819684
Silva, F., Costa, M., & Rocha, C. (2022). Natural preservatives and their applications in dairy products: A review. Food Chemistry, 366, 130585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130585
Silva, F., Pereira, R., & Costa, J. (2021). Application of natural preservatives in dairy products: Propolis, mint, and garlic. Food Research International, 155, 111045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111045
Smith, J., (2018). Traditional food preservation techniques: Relevance and application. Food Science Review, 10(1), 25–40. https://www.longdom.org
Tamang, J. P., Watanabe, K., & Holzapfel, W. H. (2020). Preservatives in fermented dairy products: Safety, efficacy, and alternatives. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 589. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00589
Thomas, K., Koukouna, E., & Tzavaras, D. (2020). Consumer perceptions and acceptance of natural food preservatives. Food Quality and Preference, 85, 103963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.103958
Thomas, L., Nguyen, T., & Lee, S. (2020). Effect of preservatives on quality attributes of cheese and yogurt. Dairy Science & Technology, 100(6), 1017–1030. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s13594-020-00495-7
WHO. (2022). Food additives and contaminants: Safety evaluation of food preservatives. World Health Organization. Link
WHO. (2022). Guidelines on food additive safety and acceptable daily intake (ADI).
World Health Organization (WHO). (2022). Food safety and sustainable nutrition. Geneva: WHO Press. Link
Yardi, S. (2025). Food Preservatives Statistics 2025 by Shelf Life, Natural, Synthetic. United States Market News. Link
Zhou, Y. H., Mujumdar, A. S., Vidyarthi, S. K., Zielinska, M., Liu, H., Deng, L. Z., & Xiao, H. W. (2023). Nanotechnology for food safety and security: A Comprehensive Review. Food Reviews International, 39(7), 3858-3878. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2021.2013872 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2021.2013872