Main Article Content
Abstract
Research is a systematic way of finding answers to unknown questions or exploring the nature of existing problems. Research is usually conducted to answer a question or solve a problem. Research is a fundamental tool for scientific inquiry, as it allows researchers to test hypotheses based on clear definitions, criteria, and procedures. Knowing the different research types will help researcher’s better design research projects, select the most suitable methods and techniques to achieve valid results, and communicate their findings with other researchers online or in books. This scientific article uses the descriptive research method, which mainly gathers information from books and scientific papers, to introduce the types of research to the readers so that they can plan and carry out high-quality scientific research in the future using this information. The results of this research divide academic research based on objectives of research, data collection, and types of data into several aspects, of which details will be discussed in the following sections of this article.
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References
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- Economics F. Rates of return to investment in science and innovation. A report prepared for the UK Department for Business. Innovation and Skills (BIS). 2014.
- https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/researchers-in-rd-per-million-people?tab=chart&time=1996..2020
- Data OE. Gross domestic spending on R&D. Retrieved Mai. 2017;14.
- Creswell JW. Research: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. California. EUA: Sage. 2003.
- Sridhar MS. Introduction to research methodology: Problem selection, formulation and research design. Lulu. com; 2010.
- Fielding NG, Blank G, Lee RM. The SAGE handbook of online research methods. The SAGE Handbook of online research methods. 2016:1-684.
- DePoy E, Gitlin LN. Introduction to research E-book: understanding and applying multiple strategies. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2019 Oct 23.
- Connelly LM. Cross-sectional survey research. Medsurg nursing. 2016 Sep 1;25(5):369.
- Method approaches. A framework for design. Sage Publications, Inc. Second Edition
- Chawla D, Sondhi DN. Research Methodology Concepts and cases–Vikas Publishing House Pvt
- Alvi M. A manual for selecting sampling techniques in research.
- Kothari CR. Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International; 2004.
- Esser F, Vliegenthart R. Comparative research methods. The international encyclopedia of communication research methods. 2017 Apr 24:1-22.
- Ragin C, Zaret D. Theory and method in comparative research: Two strategies. Social forces. 1983 Mar 1;61(3):731-54.
- Mishra SB, Alok S. Handbook of research methodology.
- George T. Exploratory Research| Definition, Guide, & Examples. Scribbr.
- Iacus SM, King G, Porro G. A theory of statistical inference for matching methods in causal research. Political Analysis. 2019 Jan;27(1):46-68.
- Ratner B. The correlation coefficient: Its values range between+ 1/− 1, or do they?. Journal of targeting, measurement and analysis for marketing. 2009 Jun 1;17(2):139-42.
- Schenker JD, Rumrill Jr PD. Causal-comparative research designs. Journal of vocational rehabilitation. 2004 Jan 1;21(3):117-21.
- Dul, J., Hak, T. & Goertz, G.. Testing necessary condition hypothesis with cases. Proceedings of the 15th international annual EUROMA conference, Groningen, the Netherlands, (2008) June 15-18.
- Lynham SA. The development of “a theory of responsible leadership for performance”. University of Minnesota; 2000.
- Vahidov R, editor. Design-Type Research in Information Systems: Findings and Practices: Findings and Practices. IGI Global; 2012 Feb 29.
- Burns A. Action research in the field of second language teaching and learning. In Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning 2011 Jan 25 (pp. 237-253). Routledge.
- Cook TD, Campbell DT, Day A. Quasi-experimentation: Design & analysis issues for field settings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin; 1979 Jul.
- Price PC, Jhangiani RS, Chiang IC, Leighton DC, Cuttler C. 8.2 Non-Equivalent Groups Designs. Research Methods in Psychology. 2017 Aug 21.
- Porra J, Hirschheim R, Parks MS. The historical research method and information systems research. Journal of the association for information systems. 2014;15(9):3.
- Connelly LM. Cross-sectional survey research. Medsurg nursing. 2016 Sep 1;25(5):369.
- (29) Simon MK, Goes J. Ex post facto research. Retrieved September. 2013; 25:2013.
References
Jones CI, Williams JC. Too much of a good thing? The economics of investment in R&D. Journal of economic growth. 2000 Mar; 5:65-85.
Economics F. Rates of return to investment in science and innovation. A report prepared for the UK Department for Business. Innovation and Skills (BIS). 2014.
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/researchers-in-rd-per-million-people?tab=chart&time=1996..2020
Data OE. Gross domestic spending on R&D. Retrieved Mai. 2017;14.
Creswell JW. Research: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. California. EUA: Sage. 2003.
Sridhar MS. Introduction to research methodology: Problem selection, formulation and research design. Lulu. com; 2010.
Fielding NG, Blank G, Lee RM. The SAGE handbook of online research methods. The SAGE Handbook of online research methods. 2016:1-684.
DePoy E, Gitlin LN. Introduction to research E-book: understanding and applying multiple strategies. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2019 Oct 23.
Connelly LM. Cross-sectional survey research. Medsurg nursing. 2016 Sep 1;25(5):369.
Method approaches. A framework for design. Sage Publications, Inc. Second Edition
Chawla D, Sondhi DN. Research Methodology Concepts and cases–Vikas Publishing House Pvt
Alvi M. A manual for selecting sampling techniques in research.
Kothari CR. Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International; 2004.
Esser F, Vliegenthart R. Comparative research methods. The international encyclopedia of communication research methods. 2017 Apr 24:1-22.
Ragin C, Zaret D. Theory and method in comparative research: Two strategies. Social forces. 1983 Mar 1;61(3):731-54.
Mishra SB, Alok S. Handbook of research methodology.
George T. Exploratory Research| Definition, Guide, & Examples. Scribbr.
Iacus SM, King G, Porro G. A theory of statistical inference for matching methods in causal research. Political Analysis. 2019 Jan;27(1):46-68.
Ratner B. The correlation coefficient: Its values range between+ 1/− 1, or do they?. Journal of targeting, measurement and analysis for marketing. 2009 Jun 1;17(2):139-42.
Schenker JD, Rumrill Jr PD. Causal-comparative research designs. Journal of vocational rehabilitation. 2004 Jan 1;21(3):117-21.
Dul, J., Hak, T. & Goertz, G.. Testing necessary condition hypothesis with cases. Proceedings of the 15th international annual EUROMA conference, Groningen, the Netherlands, (2008) June 15-18.
Lynham SA. The development of “a theory of responsible leadership for performance”. University of Minnesota; 2000.
Vahidov R, editor. Design-Type Research in Information Systems: Findings and Practices: Findings and Practices. IGI Global; 2012 Feb 29.
Burns A. Action research in the field of second language teaching and learning. In Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning 2011 Jan 25 (pp. 237-253). Routledge.
Cook TD, Campbell DT, Day A. Quasi-experimentation: Design & analysis issues for field settings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin; 1979 Jul.
Price PC, Jhangiani RS, Chiang IC, Leighton DC, Cuttler C. 8.2 Non-Equivalent Groups Designs. Research Methods in Psychology. 2017 Aug 21.
Porra J, Hirschheim R, Parks MS. The historical research method and information systems research. Journal of the association for information systems. 2014;15(9):3.
Connelly LM. Cross-sectional survey research. Medsurg nursing. 2016 Sep 1;25(5):369.
(29) Simon MK, Goes J. Ex post facto research. Retrieved September. 2013; 25:2013.