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Abstract
Seasonal animal breeding is used to coordinate the time of birth with a suitable time of the year in terms of temperature and food availability. Small ruminants like goats and sheep are considered short-day breeders. Melatonin hormone has the main role in the regulation of seasonal breeding. Other hormones like Kisspeptin, gonadotropin inhibitory, and thyroid hormone have remarkable roles in this field. This article aims to study the functioning mechanism of the nervous and endocrine systems in regulating the reproductive activities of small ruminants, which is useful information for professionals and farmers in farm regulation and management. They are essential. The following study is done in the form of a review. The findings in this field show that the nervous and endocrine systems modulate reproductive
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References
- Abecia, J. A., Forcada, F., & González-Bulnes, A. (2012). Hormonal control of reproduction in small ruminants. Animal reproduction science, 130(3-4),173-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.01.011
- Amoah, E. A., Gelaye, S., Guthrie, P., & Rexroad Jr, C. E. (1996). Breeding season and aspects of reproduction of female goats. Journal of animal science, 74(4), 723-728. https://doi.org/10.2527/1996.744723x
- Arrebola, F., & Abecia, J. A. (2017). Effects of season and artificial photoperiod on semen and seminal plasma characteristics in bucks of two goat breeds maintained in a semen collection center. Veterinary world, 10(5), 521. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2017.521-525
- Brunet, A. G., Santiago-Moreno, J., Toledano-Diaz, A., & López-SebastiÃ, A. (2011). Reproductive seasonality and its control in Spanish sheep and goats. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 15(S1).https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439 0531.2009.01571.x
- Chemineau, P., Bodin, L., Migaud, M., Thiéry, J. C., & Malpaux, B. (2010). Neuroendocrine and genetic control of seasonal reproduction in sheep and goats. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 45, 42-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.01661.x
- Chemineau, P., Malpaux, B., Delgadillo, J. A., Guérin, Y., Ravault, J. P., Thimonier, J., & Pelletier, J. (1992). Control of sheep and goat reproduction: use of light and melatonin. Animal Reproduction Science, 30(1-3), 157-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(92)90010-b
- Dacheux, J. L., Pisselet, C., Blanc, M. R., Hochereau-de-Reviers, M. T., & Courot, M. (1981). Seasonal variations in rete testis fluid secretion and sperm production in different breeds of ram. Reproduction, 61(2), 363-371. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0610363
- Dufour, J. J., Fahmy, M. H., & Minvielle, F. (1984). Seasonal changes in breeding activity, testicular size, testosterone concentration and seminal characteristics in rams with long or short breeding season. Journal of animal science, 58(2), 416-422. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1984.582416x
- Fatet, A., Pellicer-Rubio, M. T., & Leboeuf, B. (2011). Reproductive cycle of goats. Animal reproduction science, 124(3-4), 211-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.08.029
- Haque, N., & Asraf Hossain, S. K. (2011). Melatonin: It’s role in seasonality and breeding in farm animals-a review. Wayamba journal of animal science. https://doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2015-0042
- Karagiannidis, A., Varsakeli, S., & Karatzas, G. (2000). Characteristics and seasonal variations in the semen of Alpine, Saanen and Damascus goat bucks born and raised in Greece. Theriogenology, 53(6), 1285-1293. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0093-691x(00)00272-7
- Malpaux, B., Viguié, C., Skinner, D. C., Thiéry, J. C., Pelletier, J., & Chemineau, P. (1996). Seasonal breeding in sheep: Mechanism of action of melatonin. Animal reproduction science, 42(1-4), 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(96)01505-9
- Moghaddam, G. H., Pourseif, M. M., & Rafat, S. A. (2012). Seasonal variation in semen quantity and quality traits of Iranian crossbred rams. Slovak journal of animal science, 45(3), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v44i1.4
- Mohammad, W. A., Grossman, M., & Vatthauer, J. L. (1984). Seasonal breeding in United States dairy goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 67(8), 1813-1822. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(84)81509-x
- Ramírez, A. I. R., Tiburcio, G. I. D., Cruz-Espinoza, F., Herrera-Corredor, A. C., & Gallegos-Sánchez, J. (2021). Photoperiod and its relationship to sheep reproduction. Agro Productividad. v14i10.1620 https://doi.org/10.32854/agrop.v14i10.1620
- Ramos, A. F., & Silva, B. D. M. (2018). Hormonal protocols in small ruminants. Reproductive technology in farm animals. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.01.011
- Reece, W. O., & Rowe, E. W. (2017). Functional anatomy and physiology of domestic animals. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1354/vp.43-1-86
- Reece, W. O., Erickson, H. H., Goff, J. P., & Uemura, E. E. (Eds.). (2015). Dukes' physiology of domestic animals. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1994.tb03389.x
- Restall, B. J. (1992). Seasonal variation in reproductive activity in Australian goats. Animal Reproduction Science, 27(4), 305-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(92)90145-4
- Rosa, H. J., & Bryant, M. J. (2003). Seasonality of reproduction in sheep. Small ruminant research, 48(3), 155-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4488(03)00038-5
- SHORT, R., & MANN, T. (1966). The sexual cycle of a seasonally breeding mammal, the roebuck (Capreolus capreolus). Reproduction, 12(2),337-351. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0120337
- Smith, J. T., & Clarke, I. J. (2010). Seasonal breeding as a neuroendocrine model for puberty in sheep. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 324(1-2),102-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2010.03.007
- Vasantha, I. (2016). Physiology of seasonal breeding: a review. Journal of veterinary science and technology; 7(3). https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.1000331
- Weems, P. W., Goodman, R. L., & Lehman, M. N. (2015). Neural mechanisms controlling seasonal reproduction: principles derived from the sheep model and its comparison with hamsters. Frontiers in neuroendocrinology, 37,43-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.12.002
- Williams, L. M., & Helliwell, R. J. (1993). Melatonin and seasonality in the sheep. Animal reproduction science, 33(1-4), 159-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(93)90113-6
- Yadav, V., Saini, G., Pandey, A. K., Kumar, S. (2021). Neuro-endocrine mechanisms controlling reproductive seasonality in sheep: a review. Pharm Innov J;10: 160-5 https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2755643/v1
- Zarazaga, L. A., Guzmán, J. L., Domínguez, C., Pérez, M. C., & Prieto, R. (2009). Effects of season and feeding level on reproductive activity and semen quality in Payoya buck goats. Theriogenology, 71(8), 1316-1325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.01.007
References
Abecia, J. A., Forcada, F., & González-Bulnes, A. (2012). Hormonal control of reproduction in small ruminants. Animal reproduction science, 130(3-4),173-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.01.011
Amoah, E. A., Gelaye, S., Guthrie, P., & Rexroad Jr, C. E. (1996). Breeding season and aspects of reproduction of female goats. Journal of animal science, 74(4), 723-728. https://doi.org/10.2527/1996.744723x
Arrebola, F., & Abecia, J. A. (2017). Effects of season and artificial photoperiod on semen and seminal plasma characteristics in bucks of two goat breeds maintained in a semen collection center. Veterinary world, 10(5), 521. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2017.521-525
Brunet, A. G., Santiago-Moreno, J., Toledano-Diaz, A., & López-SebastiÃ, A. (2011). Reproductive seasonality and its control in Spanish sheep and goats. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 15(S1).https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439 0531.2009.01571.x
Chemineau, P., Bodin, L., Migaud, M., Thiéry, J. C., & Malpaux, B. (2010). Neuroendocrine and genetic control of seasonal reproduction in sheep and goats. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 45, 42-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.01661.x
Chemineau, P., Malpaux, B., Delgadillo, J. A., Guérin, Y., Ravault, J. P., Thimonier, J., & Pelletier, J. (1992). Control of sheep and goat reproduction: use of light and melatonin. Animal Reproduction Science, 30(1-3), 157-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(92)90010-b
Dacheux, J. L., Pisselet, C., Blanc, M. R., Hochereau-de-Reviers, M. T., & Courot, M. (1981). Seasonal variations in rete testis fluid secretion and sperm production in different breeds of ram. Reproduction, 61(2), 363-371. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0610363
Dufour, J. J., Fahmy, M. H., & Minvielle, F. (1984). Seasonal changes in breeding activity, testicular size, testosterone concentration and seminal characteristics in rams with long or short breeding season. Journal of animal science, 58(2), 416-422. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1984.582416x
Fatet, A., Pellicer-Rubio, M. T., & Leboeuf, B. (2011). Reproductive cycle of goats. Animal reproduction science, 124(3-4), 211-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.08.029
Haque, N., & Asraf Hossain, S. K. (2011). Melatonin: It’s role in seasonality and breeding in farm animals-a review. Wayamba journal of animal science. https://doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2015-0042
Karagiannidis, A., Varsakeli, S., & Karatzas, G. (2000). Characteristics and seasonal variations in the semen of Alpine, Saanen and Damascus goat bucks born and raised in Greece. Theriogenology, 53(6), 1285-1293. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0093-691x(00)00272-7
Malpaux, B., Viguié, C., Skinner, D. C., Thiéry, J. C., Pelletier, J., & Chemineau, P. (1996). Seasonal breeding in sheep: Mechanism of action of melatonin. Animal reproduction science, 42(1-4), 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(96)01505-9
Moghaddam, G. H., Pourseif, M. M., & Rafat, S. A. (2012). Seasonal variation in semen quantity and quality traits of Iranian crossbred rams. Slovak journal of animal science, 45(3), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v44i1.4
Mohammad, W. A., Grossman, M., & Vatthauer, J. L. (1984). Seasonal breeding in United States dairy goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 67(8), 1813-1822. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(84)81509-x
Ramírez, A. I. R., Tiburcio, G. I. D., Cruz-Espinoza, F., Herrera-Corredor, A. C., & Gallegos-Sánchez, J. (2021). Photoperiod and its relationship to sheep reproduction. Agro Productividad. v14i10.1620 https://doi.org/10.32854/agrop.v14i10.1620
Ramos, A. F., & Silva, B. D. M. (2018). Hormonal protocols in small ruminants. Reproductive technology in farm animals. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.01.011
Reece, W. O., & Rowe, E. W. (2017). Functional anatomy and physiology of domestic animals. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1354/vp.43-1-86
Reece, W. O., Erickson, H. H., Goff, J. P., & Uemura, E. E. (Eds.). (2015). Dukes' physiology of domestic animals. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1994.tb03389.x
Restall, B. J. (1992). Seasonal variation in reproductive activity in Australian goats. Animal Reproduction Science, 27(4), 305-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(92)90145-4
Rosa, H. J., & Bryant, M. J. (2003). Seasonality of reproduction in sheep. Small ruminant research, 48(3), 155-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4488(03)00038-5
SHORT, R., & MANN, T. (1966). The sexual cycle of a seasonally breeding mammal, the roebuck (Capreolus capreolus). Reproduction, 12(2),337-351. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0120337
Smith, J. T., & Clarke, I. J. (2010). Seasonal breeding as a neuroendocrine model for puberty in sheep. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 324(1-2),102-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2010.03.007
Vasantha, I. (2016). Physiology of seasonal breeding: a review. Journal of veterinary science and technology; 7(3). https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.1000331
Weems, P. W., Goodman, R. L., & Lehman, M. N. (2015). Neural mechanisms controlling seasonal reproduction: principles derived from the sheep model and its comparison with hamsters. Frontiers in neuroendocrinology, 37,43-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.12.002
Williams, L. M., & Helliwell, R. J. (1993). Melatonin and seasonality in the sheep. Animal reproduction science, 33(1-4), 159-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(93)90113-6
Yadav, V., Saini, G., Pandey, A. K., Kumar, S. (2021). Neuro-endocrine mechanisms controlling reproductive seasonality in sheep: a review. Pharm Innov J;10: 160-5 https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2755643/v1
Zarazaga, L. A., Guzmán, J. L., Domínguez, C., Pérez, M. C., & Prieto, R. (2009). Effects of season and feeding level on reproductive activity and semen quality in Payoya buck goats. Theriogenology, 71(8), 1316-1325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.01.007