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Abstract
Among the major problems in the design of some drugs are inappropriate dissolution in biological fluids, inappropriate absorption and lack of resistance to hydrolysis. For this reason, drug design in the form of ester prodrugs can solve the above challenges. Today, more than 30% of all drugs on the market are prodrugs, with ester prodrugs being the most commonly used. This is a review article, which is written using reliable scientific sources. Ester prodrugs have more chemical stability in many conditions, good water solubility, appropriate absorption and penetration across the cell membrane, and resistance to hydrolysis. And these properties of ester prodrugs are used in drug discovery and design.
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References
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References
Zawilska JB, Wojcieszak J, Olejniczak AB. Prodrugs: A challenge for the drug development. Pharmacol Reports. 2013;65(1):1–14.
Dahan A, Zimmermann EM, Ben-shabat S. Modern Prodrug Design for Targeted Oral Drug Delivery. 2014;16489–505.
RoleofProdrugsindrugdesign.pdf.
Chakravarthi, G K, Vijayaraj S, Venugopal A, Ch N, Saritha B. Role of Prodrugs in Solubility Enhancement of Drugs. PharmaTutor. 2014;2(12):33–48.
Hajnal K, Gabriel H, Aura R, Erzsébet V, Blanka SS. Prodrug Strategy in Drug Development. 2016;62(3):356–62.
Souza MCBA. Artigo Prodrugs : Over o i g Drugs ’ O sta les y I a tive Pre ursors Pró-Fármacos : Superando Obstáculos de Fármacos com Precursores Prodrugs : Over o i g Drugs ’ O sta les y I a tive Pre ursors. 2016;8(5):1485–509.
Ram PR, Priyanka P, Shreekrishna L, Saroj S. PRODRUG AS A NOVEL APPROACH OF DRUG DELIVERY- A REVIEW RESEARCH ARTICLE PRODRUG AS A NOVEL APPROACH OF DRUG DELIVERY- A REVIEW. 2015;(May).
Jornada DH, Dos Santos Fernandes GF, Chiba DE, De Melo TRF, Dos Santos JL, Chung MC. The prodrug approach: A successful tool for improving drug solubility. Molecules. 2016;21(1).
Meng Z, Lv Q, Lu J, Yao H, Lv X, Jiang F, et al. Prodrug Strategies for Paclitaxel.
Vale N, Ferreira A, Matos J, Fresco P, Gouveia MJ. Amino acids in the development of Prodrugs. Molecules. 2018;23(9).
Stella VJ, Nti-Addae KW. Prodrug strategies to overcome poor water solubility. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2007;59(7):677–94.
Sofa MJ. Nucleotide prodrugs for HCV therapy. Antivir Chem Chemother. 2012;22(1):23–49.
Wiemer AJ. Metabolic Efficacy of Phosphate Prodrugs and the Remdesivir Paradigm. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2020;3(4):613–26.
Karaman R. Prodrugs design based on inter- and intramolecular chemical processes. Chem Biol Drug Des. 2013;82(6):643–68.
Article R. Available online through. 2013;1(3):255–62.
Karaman R. Prodrugs design based on inter- and intramolecular chemical processes. Vol. 82, Chemical Biology and Drug Design. 2013. 643–668 p.
Ahmad AM. Potential pharmacokinetic interactions between antiretrovirals and medicinal plants used as complementary and African traditional medicines. Biopharm Drug Dispos [Internet]. 2007;28(3):135–43. Available from: file:///C:/Users/ASUS/Desktop/Rujukan PhD/TAM R/bdd.593.pdf
Yun S, Kim JS. Ketorolac Ester Enhancer-prodrugs: Preparation and Evaluation of Their Physicochemical Properties. J Korean Pharm Sci. 2008;38(6):405–12.
Zhu C, Schneider EK, Wang J, Kempe K, Wilson P, Velkov T, et al. A traceless reversible polymeric colistin prodrug to combat multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria. J Control Release [Internet]. 2017; Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.02.005