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Abstract
Aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins that can be carcinogenic, mutagenic and immunosuppressive. These toxins are classified as human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Aflatoxins enter the body through eating or inhalation and are absorbed into the blood by passing through the small intestine. They accumulate in different tissues of the body, including the liver, lungs, kidneys, and immune, reproductive, nervous and digestive systems. Therefore, the concentration of this poison in the liver can be 10 times its amount in the muscles.
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References
- INCHEM Principles of evaluating chemical effects on the aged population: International Programme on chemical Safety- Environmental Health Criteria 144 World Health Orgnization.
- Charmley, L . L., H. L. Trenholm and D. B. Prelusky.. Mycotoxins: their origin, impact and importance: insight into common methods of control and elimination. 1995PP.41-63 In: T Lyons and K. A Jacques (Eds.), Biotechnology in the feed industry. Proceedings of alltech’s 11 annual symposium.
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- Nakajima M, Tabata S, Akiyama H, et al Occurece of aflatoxin M1 in domestic milk in Japan during the winter season. Food Addit Contam 2004 May; 21 (5): 472-8.
- INCHEM Principles of evaluating chemical effects on the aged population: International Programme on chemical Safety- Environmental Health Criteria 144 World Health Orgnization.
- Abou-Bakr S. Effect of some plant extracts on fungal and aflatoxin roduction. International Journal of Academic Research 2011 Jul; 3 (4): 116.
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- G. E. Who, “IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans, Vol. 56, Some Naturally Occurring Substances: Food Items and Constituents, Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and Mycotoxins,” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 294, no1994; 3, p. 341.
- Mahmoudi R, Norian R, Katiraee F, Pajohi Alamoti MR. Total flatoxin contamination of maize produced in different regions of Qazvin-Iran. IFRJ 2013; 20 (5): 4-29.
- Frisvad JC, Skouboe P, Samson RA.Taxonomic comparison of three different groups of aflatoxin producers and a new efficient producer of aflatoxin B1,sterigmatocystin and 3-Omethylsterigmatocystin,Aspergillus rambellii sp. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 2005 Jul; (5).442-445.
- Jodie A. Aflatoxin M1 in Milk; Agriculture and Natural Resources. University of Arkansas, United States Department of Agriculture, and County Governments Cooperating. FSA4018.
- FAO/WHO food standards programme. Codex committee on food additives and contaminants. Thirty-third session. 2001 Mar 12-16; TheNetherlands.
- Mahmoudi R, Vagef R. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw and pasteurized milk produced in west region of Iran (during summer and winter). IFRJ 2013; 20 (3):14-21.
References
INCHEM Principles of evaluating chemical effects on the aged population: International Programme on chemical Safety- Environmental Health Criteria 144 World Health Orgnization.
Charmley, L . L., H. L. Trenholm and D. B. Prelusky.. Mycotoxins: their origin, impact and importance: insight into common methods of control and elimination. 1995PP.41-63 In: T Lyons and K. A Jacques (Eds.), Biotechnology in the feed industry. Proceedings of alltech’s 11 annual symposium.
safety risk in developing countries. In:Unnevehr LJ, editors. Food Safety in food security and food trade. 2020vision, Focus10. Washington DC, USA: International Ford Policy Research Institute; 2003; Sep. Brief 3.
Nakajima M, Tabata S, Akiyama H, et al Occurece of aflatoxin M1 in domestic milk in Japan during the winter season. Food Addit Contam 2004 May; 21 (5): 472-8.
INCHEM Principles of evaluating chemical effects on the aged population: International Programme on chemical Safety- Environmental Health Criteria 144 World Health Orgnization.
Abou-Bakr S. Effect of some plant extracts on fungal and aflatoxin roduction. International Journal of Academic Research 2011 Jul; 3 (4): 116.
Joki M. Aflatoxins. Available at: http://www.foodkeys .com/view /articles/ detail.
Code of practice for the reduction of aflatoxin B1 in raw materials and supplemental feedingstuffs for milk produsing animals. 1997CAC/RCP: 43-45.
G. E. Who, “IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans, Vol. 56, Some Naturally Occurring Substances: Food Items and Constituents, Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and Mycotoxins,” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 294, no1994; 3, p. 341.
Mahmoudi R, Norian R, Katiraee F, Pajohi Alamoti MR. Total flatoxin contamination of maize produced in different regions of Qazvin-Iran. IFRJ 2013; 20 (5): 4-29.
Frisvad JC, Skouboe P, Samson RA.Taxonomic comparison of three different groups of aflatoxin producers and a new efficient producer of aflatoxin B1,sterigmatocystin and 3-Omethylsterigmatocystin,Aspergillus rambellii sp. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 2005 Jul; (5).442-445.
Jodie A. Aflatoxin M1 in Milk; Agriculture and Natural Resources. University of Arkansas, United States Department of Agriculture, and County Governments Cooperating. FSA4018.
FAO/WHO food standards programme. Codex committee on food additives and contaminants. Thirty-third session. 2001 Mar 12-16; TheNetherlands.
Mahmoudi R, Vagef R. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw and pasteurized milk produced in west region of Iran (during summer and winter). IFRJ 2013; 20 (3):14-21.