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Abstract

Derivatives of 1,4-cyclohexadiene are widely used in industrial chemistry and the synthesis of organic materials. However, extracting these essential cyclic hydrocarbons is often complex and challenging. An efficient alternative involves the reduction of benzene and other aromatic compounds via the Birch reduction method. This process employs sodium or lithium as reducing agents in liquid ammonia, with an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, or butanol, to convert aromatic compounds into 1,4-cyclohexadiene. Over time, various modifications to the Birch reduction, including ammonia-free, metal-free photochemical, solvent-free, and electrode-mediated approaches, have been developed. This review compares these techniques regarding chemo-selectivity, regioselectivity, reaction conditions, efficiency, and environmentally sustainable practices.

Keywords

Birch reduction Aromatic compounds 1-4-cyclohexadiene Industrial chemistry Extraction

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Author Biography

Mohammad Tahir Aminzai, Kabul Unversity, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Afghanistan

روغن خام نباتی که از طریق فشار میخانیکی یا استخراج با محلل به دست می‌آید، شامل انواع ناخالصی‌های است که به طور طبیعی در دانه‌های روغنی موجود می‌باشند. روغن‌های خام نباتی تقریباً از ۹۸ درصد ترای گلیسراید و سایر مرکبات مانند پروتین‌ها، ویتامین‌ها، اسیدهای شحمی آزاد، صمغ‌ها، رزین‌ها، الدیهاید‌ها، کیتون‌ها، فاسفیت‌ها و غیره به نسبت جزئی تشکیل شده اند. به غیر از روغن‌ زیتون، متباقی روغن‌های خام مانند روغن‌های سویا، جواری، گل آفتاب‌پرست وغیره را نمی‌توان بدون انجام پروسه‌های تصفیه‌سازی مستقیماً مصرف کرد. هدف از تصفیه روغن، به دست آوردن کیفیت بهتر، بی‌بو، رنگ روشن‌تر، پایداری طولانی‌تر و صحی ساختن آن می‌باشد. در این مقاله مروری تصفیه فزیکی و کیمیاوی روغن خام نباتی مورد بحث قرار گرفته و در نتیجه فواید و نواقص هر دو میتود به تفصیل توضیح داده شده است.

 

How to Cite
Aminzai, M. T., & Zhwand, A. K. (2024). Investigation of Recent Advances in the Reduction of Aromatic Compounds Using the Birch Reduction Method. Journal of Natural Sciences – Kabul University, 7(3), 43–61. https://doi.org/10.62810/jns.v7i3.29
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