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Abstract
Drugs are primarily used for the prevention, remission, therapy of diseases, and diagnosis. The initial step for a doctor’s success lies in identifying or diagnosing the cause of a disease in a specific species. A doctor must understand all principles relevant to pharmacology. However, additional factors influencing the clinical use of drugs may relate to their inherent characteristics. If drug use is unrelated to these characteristics, it is classified as Non-Pharmacological Base of Therapeutics (NPBT). In veterinary medicine, the practical and rational use of drugs must adhere to standards and regulations to ensure effective patient therapy while safeguarding public health. Regulatory considerations, especially in food animal therapy, are essential to minimize risks and maintain safety.
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References
- Aviado, D. M. Pharmaco logic Principles of Medical practice, 8th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. 1972.
- Abel, J.J.Chemistry for the gates chemical laboratory, California institute of Technology and department of pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University. J Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 27:266. 1926.
- Adams, H. R, Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics. 8th Ed. Iowa state University. 2001
- Baggot, J. D. An introduction to principles of veterinary clinical pharmacology: General principles. Newzeland Veterinary Journal 2011; volum 21, 207-211.
- Nierenberg, D. W., and Melmon K. L. In K. L. Melmon, H. F. Morelli, B. F. Niern berg, and D. W. Niernberg, eds., Clinical Pharmacology: Basic Principlers in Therapeutic, 3rd ed. 1992. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Burger, A. Drug and people: Medicines. Their History and Origins, and Way They Act. Charlottesville: Univ. Press of Virginia. 1986.
- Coppoc, G. L., and Stuckey, W. J. an approach to student responsibility in drug usage Med Edu. 1977. 4:171.
- Anderson, L. and Higby, G. The Spirit of Voluntarism. A Legacy of Commitment and contribution, The United States Pharmacopeia 1820-1995. Rockville, MD: The United States Pharmacopeia Convention. 1995.
- Center of Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration. A Brief History of Center of Veterinary Medicine. http://www./fda. Gov/cvm/abotbeg.htm.
- Davis, L. E. Veterinary Pharmacology-An Introduction to the Discipline. In Booth, N.J. and McDonald, L.E. (eds.) Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 5th Ed. Ames: Iowa State University Press. 1982.
- Van Mert, A.S.J.P.M. The roles of EAVPT, ECVPT and EAVPT Congresses in the advancement of veterinary pharmacological and toxicological science. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2006; 29(suppl.): 9-11.
- Riviere, Jim, E. and Papich G. Mark. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 9th ed. Iowa state University, 2009.
- Chios, W.L., Jeong, H.Y., Chung, S.M., and Wu, T.C. Evaluation of using dogs as an animal model to study fraction of oral dose absorbed of 43 drugs in humans. Pharmaceutical Research. 2000; 17; 135-140.
- Hardee, G.E., and Baggot, J.D. Development and Formulation of veterinary Dosage Forms. 2nd Ed. New York: Marcel Dekker. 1998.
- Ali, M. and Gupta, J. Drug store and business management for second year diploma in pharmacy and B. pharmacy Saish Kumar Jain for CBS publication and distribution. 2008.
- Stephen, F. Sundlof. Legal control of veterinary drugs. In Riviere, Jim, E. and Papich G. Mark. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 9th ed. Iowa State University; 2009, pp. 1363-1360.
- Marily Martinez, Melanie Berson, Bernadette, Dunnham, Joan Got6thardt, and Laura Hungerford. Drug Approval process. In Riviere, Jim, E. and Papic h G. Mark. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 9th ed. Iowa State University. 2009; pp. 1365-1367.
- Mathews K, Kronen PW, Lascelles D, Nolan A, Robertson S, Vm Steagall P, et al. Guidelines for recognition, assessment and treatment of pain: WSAVA Global Pain Council members and co-authors of this document. J Small Anim Pract . 2014; 55(6): E10-E68. doi: 10.1111/jsap.12200.
- Cynthia, A. Cole and Keith Zientek. Regulation of drug and medication use in performance animal. In Riviere, Jim, E. and Papich G. Mark. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 9th ed. Iowa state University; 2009, pp. 1419-1421.
- AVMA Guidelines for supervising use and distribution of veterinary prescription drug. 2007 (http://www.avma.org)
- Mark Papich and Riviere, J. E. Beta-Lactam Antibiotics: penicillin’s, cephalosporin, and related drugs. In Riviere, Jim, E. and Papich G. Mark. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 9th Ed. Iowa state University; 2009, pp. 865-889.
- Wanamaker, B.P., Massey, K. l.. Applied pharmacology for veterinary technician, 4th Eds. St. Louis, Missouri; 2004. pp. 226-229.
- VanCamp , SD, Papich, Mc., Whitracre, MD. Administration of ticracillin in combination with clavulanic acid intravenously and intrauterinly to clinically normal estrus mares. J Vet Pharmacol. Ther. 2000; 23: 373-378.
- Cory, L, Stefan, S., and Ian. D. USP`S role in veterinary pharmacology and evidence-based information. In Riviere, Jim, E. and Papich G. Mark. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 9th ed. 2009. pp. 865-889.
- Vree, TB., Dammers, E., Van Duuren, E. Variable absorption of clavulanic acid after an oral dose of 25mg/kg of Clavubacin® and Synulox® in healthy dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2003; 26: 165-171.
- CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacterial Isolated from Animals; Approved Standards-Third Edition. CLSI document M31-A3. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2007.
- Freese, W.R.. Responsibility of food animal practioner regarding extra-label use of drug. JVAMA. 1993; 202(10):1733-1734.
References
Aviado, D. M. Pharmaco logic Principles of Medical practice, 8th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. 1972.
Abel, J.J.Chemistry for the gates chemical laboratory, California institute of Technology and department of pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University. J Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 27:266. 1926.
Adams, H. R, Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics. 8th Ed. Iowa state University. 2001
Baggot, J. D. An introduction to principles of veterinary clinical pharmacology: General principles. Newzeland Veterinary Journal 2011; volum 21, 207-211.
Nierenberg, D. W., and Melmon K. L. In K. L. Melmon, H. F. Morelli, B. F. Niern berg, and D. W. Niernberg, eds., Clinical Pharmacology: Basic Principlers in Therapeutic, 3rd ed. 1992. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Burger, A. Drug and people: Medicines. Their History and Origins, and Way They Act. Charlottesville: Univ. Press of Virginia. 1986.
Coppoc, G. L., and Stuckey, W. J. an approach to student responsibility in drug usage Med Edu. 1977. 4:171.
Anderson, L. and Higby, G. The Spirit of Voluntarism. A Legacy of Commitment and contribution, The United States Pharmacopeia 1820-1995. Rockville, MD: The United States Pharmacopeia Convention. 1995.
Center of Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration. A Brief History of Center of Veterinary Medicine. http://www./fda. Gov/cvm/abotbeg.htm.
Davis, L. E. Veterinary Pharmacology-An Introduction to the Discipline. In Booth, N.J. and McDonald, L.E. (eds.) Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 5th Ed. Ames: Iowa State University Press. 1982.
Van Mert, A.S.J.P.M. The roles of EAVPT, ECVPT and EAVPT Congresses in the advancement of veterinary pharmacological and toxicological science. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2006; 29(suppl.): 9-11.
Riviere, Jim, E. and Papich G. Mark. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 9th ed. Iowa state University, 2009.
Chios, W.L., Jeong, H.Y., Chung, S.M., and Wu, T.C. Evaluation of using dogs as an animal model to study fraction of oral dose absorbed of 43 drugs in humans. Pharmaceutical Research. 2000; 17; 135-140.
Hardee, G.E., and Baggot, J.D. Development and Formulation of veterinary Dosage Forms. 2nd Ed. New York: Marcel Dekker. 1998.
Ali, M. and Gupta, J. Drug store and business management for second year diploma in pharmacy and B. pharmacy Saish Kumar Jain for CBS publication and distribution. 2008.
Stephen, F. Sundlof. Legal control of veterinary drugs. In Riviere, Jim, E. and Papich G. Mark. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 9th ed. Iowa State University; 2009, pp. 1363-1360.
Marily Martinez, Melanie Berson, Bernadette, Dunnham, Joan Got6thardt, and Laura Hungerford. Drug Approval process. In Riviere, Jim, E. and Papic h G. Mark. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 9th ed. Iowa State University. 2009; pp. 1365-1367.
Mathews K, Kronen PW, Lascelles D, Nolan A, Robertson S, Vm Steagall P, et al. Guidelines for recognition, assessment and treatment of pain: WSAVA Global Pain Council members and co-authors of this document. J Small Anim Pract . 2014; 55(6): E10-E68. doi: 10.1111/jsap.12200.
Cynthia, A. Cole and Keith Zientek. Regulation of drug and medication use in performance animal. In Riviere, Jim, E. and Papich G. Mark. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 9th ed. Iowa state University; 2009, pp. 1419-1421.
AVMA Guidelines for supervising use and distribution of veterinary prescription drug. 2007 (http://www.avma.org)
Mark Papich and Riviere, J. E. Beta-Lactam Antibiotics: penicillin’s, cephalosporin, and related drugs. In Riviere, Jim, E. and Papich G. Mark. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 9th Ed. Iowa state University; 2009, pp. 865-889.
Wanamaker, B.P., Massey, K. l.. Applied pharmacology for veterinary technician, 4th Eds. St. Louis, Missouri; 2004. pp. 226-229.
VanCamp , SD, Papich, Mc., Whitracre, MD. Administration of ticracillin in combination with clavulanic acid intravenously and intrauterinly to clinically normal estrus mares. J Vet Pharmacol. Ther. 2000; 23: 373-378.
Cory, L, Stefan, S., and Ian. D. USP`S role in veterinary pharmacology and evidence-based information. In Riviere, Jim, E. and Papich G. Mark. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 9th ed. 2009. pp. 865-889.
Vree, TB., Dammers, E., Van Duuren, E. Variable absorption of clavulanic acid after an oral dose of 25mg/kg of Clavubacin® and Synulox® in healthy dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2003; 26: 165-171.
CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacterial Isolated from Animals; Approved Standards-Third Edition. CLSI document M31-A3. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2007.
Freese, W.R.. Responsibility of food animal practioner regarding extra-label use of drug. JVAMA. 1993; 202(10):1733-1734.