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Abstract
Geopolitical thinking can be traced back to figures such as Aristotle, Strabo, Bodin, Montesquieu, Kant, and Hegel. Nineteenth-century precursors include Humboldt, Guyot, Buckle, and Ritter. However, the founders of modern geopolitics were Ratzel, Mackinder, Kjellen, Bowman, and Mahan, whose writings reflected their era of intense nationalism, state expansionism, and overseas empire building. The principles and laws developed by these leading theoreticians reflected their national perspectives and experiences, as well as the influence of social Darwinism. Modern geopolitics has developed through five stages: the race for imperial hegemony; German geopolitik; American geopolitics; Cold War state-centered versus universalistic geography; and the post-Cold War period. The aim of this study is to introduce and explore the stages of modern geopolitics.
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References
- امین، حمید الله. جغرافیای سیاسی. کابل: انتشارات سعید، 1392، صص. 173-175.
- عزتی، عزت الله. ژئوپلیتیک. تهران: سمت، 1385 ص8.
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- 7.Cohen, Saul Bernard. Geopolitics: the geography of international relations. London : Rowman & Littlefield, 2015. p. 23.
- Tuathail, Gearóid Ó, Dalby, Simon and Routledge, Paul. THE GEOPOLITICS READER. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2003. p. 53.
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- Arnold, James R and Wiener, Roberta. Cold War: the essential reference guide. California: ABC-CLIO, 2012. pp. 3-6.
References
امین، حمید الله. جغرافیای سیاسی. کابل: انتشارات سعید، 1392، صص. 173-175.
عزتی، عزت الله. ژئوپلیتیک. تهران: سمت، 1385 ص8.
کوهن، سائول برنارد. ژئوپلیتیک نظام جهانی. ترجمهی عباس کاردان. تهران: ابرار معاصر، 1387، صص. 54-59.
American Association Of Political Science; THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Political Science. Washington, DC : CQ Press, 2011. pp. 666-667.
Mackinder, Halford. The Geographical Pivot of History. New York : Norton, 1962. pp. 265-278.
Cohen, Saul Bernard. Geopolitics of World System. London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002. pp. 65-66.
7.Cohen, Saul Bernard. Geopolitics: the geography of international relations. London : Rowman & Littlefield, 2015. p. 23.
Tuathail, Gearóid Ó, Dalby, Simon and Routledge, Paul. THE GEOPOLITICS READER. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2003. p. 53.
Taylor, Peter J. Political Geography. New York: Wiley, 1999. p. 41.
Arnold, James R and Wiener, Roberta. Cold War: the essential reference guide. California: ABC-CLIO, 2012. pp. 3-6.