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Abstract
In this article, the membrane potential, which is the electrical potential difference between the two sides of the cell membrane, is discussed. This potential is created due to the concentration difference of anions and cations on both sides of the cell membrane. The difference in the concentration of ions on both sides of the cell membrane creates a voltage difference known as the membrane potential. The largest contribution to this potential is caused by Na+ and Cl- ions, which have a higher concentration outside the cell, and K+ ions, which are concentrated inside the cell. With the improvements in electrophysiology and the discovery of the electrical activity of neurons, it was found that neural messages are transmitted from these cells to the target muscle by action potential. In this article, the role of voltage in neuronal activity, the types of membrane potentials, how the potential is created in the membrane of neurons, and its importance in the transmission of neural messages are discussed.
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References
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References
Hall JE, Guyton AC. Textbook of Medical Physiology (12th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011.
Electrochemical gradient. (2016, April 15). Retrieved April 23, 2016 from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical gradient.
Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM. Membrane potential. In Essentials of neuroscience and behaviour. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange; 1995, p.133–147.
Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM. Nerve cells and behavior. In Essentials of neuroscience and behaviour. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange; 1995, p. 31–35.
Nicholls JG, Martin AR, Wallace BG, Fuchs PA. Ionic basis of the resting potential. In from neuron to brain (4th ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates; 2001, p. 77–90.
Nicholls JG, Martin AR, Wallace BG, Fuchs PA. Signalling in nerve cells. In from neuron to brain (4th ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates; 2001, p. 9–15.
Openstax College, Biology. Nerve impulse transmission within a neuron. In OpenStax CNX; 2015, September 29. Retrieved from http://cnx.org/contents/GFy_h8cu@9.87:cs_Pb-GW@5/How-Neurons-Communicate.
Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, Katz LC, LaMantia AS, McNamara JO, Williams SM. How ionic movements produce electrical signals. In Neuroscience (2nd bed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates; 1995. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11054/.
Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, Katz LC, LaMantia AS, McNamara JO. Electrical signals of nerve cells. In Neuroscience. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates; 1997, p. 37–50.
Sadava DE, Hillis DM, Heller HC, Berenbaum MR. How do neurons generate and transmit electrical signals? In Life: The science of biology (9th ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates; 2009, p. 948–956.
Reece JB, Urry LA, Cain ML, Wasserman SA, Minorsky PV, Jackson RB. Ion pumps and ion channels establish the resting potential of a neuron. In Campbell biology (10th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson; 2011, p.1064–1066.