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Abstract
Nitrogen level and plant spacing are essential factors for tomato growth, yield, and fruit quality. Under the agro-climatic conditions of Kandahar, limited studies have been conducted on the interaction of these variables; therefore, an experiment was carried out using RCBD design with 12 treatments and three replications to determine the effects of different nitrogen levels and plant spacings on tomato yield. The results showed that the highest fruit length, diameter, and weight were obtained with a 50 cm spacing and the application of 150 kg/ha nitrogen. For achieving a higher tomato yield, the application of 150 kg/ha of nitrogen, combined with a 30 cm plant spacing, is recommended.
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References
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- Abu-Alrub, I., Saleh, S., & Awaga, A. A. (2019). Effect of different rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on yield and quality of greenhouse tomato under the UAE condition. EC Agric., 5, 139-146. Link
- Ahmad, A., & Singh, A. (2007). Effects of Staking and Row-Spacing on the Yield of Tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum Mill.) Cultivar “Roma VF” in the Sokoto Fadama, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Horticultural Science, 10(1), 94-98. https://doi.org.10.4314/njhs.v10i1.3415 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/njhs.v10i1.3415
- Ara, N., Bashar, M. K., Begum, S., & Kakon, S. S. (2007). Effect of spacing and stem pruning on the growth and yield of tomato. I nt. J. Sustain. Crop Prod., 2(3), 35-39. Link
- Arasu, P.A., & Vinotha, P. (2022). Effect of Spacing and Nitrogen Levels on Growth, Yield and Quality of Cherry Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. Cerasiforme). Int. J. Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci., 11(02), 171-189. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1102.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1102.020
- Banerjee, M.K., Balyan, D.S., Kalloo, G., Singm, A. and Saini, P.S. (1997). Effect of nitrogen fertilization and planting pattern on fruit yield of tomato cv. Hisar Lalima. Crop Res., 14(3), 441-446. Link
- Chen, Z., Tao, X., Khan, A., Tan, D. K., & Luo, H. (2018). Biomass accumulation, photosynthetic traits and root development of cotton as affected by irrigation and nitrogen-fertilization. Frontiers in plant science, 9, 1-14. https://doi.org. 10.3389/fpls.2018.00173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00173
- Darwin, S. C., Knapp, S., & Peralta, I. E. (2003). Taxonomy of tomatoes in the Galápagos Islands: native and introduced species of Solanum section Lycopersicon (Solanaceae). Systematics and Biodiversity, 1(1), 29-53. https://doi.org. 10.1017/S1477200003001026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477200003001026
- Frezer, A. (2007). Effect of Planting Density and Nitrogen Application on Yield and Yield Components of Potato at Enderta, Southern Tigray, Ethiopia. MSc. Thesis presented to Haromaya University, 18-27.
- Gebre, E., & Giorgis, G. W. (2001). Effect of Spatial Arrangement on Tuber Yield of some Potato Cultivars. African Crop Science Journal, 9(1), 67-76. https://doi.org. 10.4314/acsj.v9i1.27627. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v9i1.27627
- Hokam, E. M., El‐Hendawy, S. E., & Schmidhalter, U. (2011). Drip irrigation frequency: The effects and their interaction with nitrogen fertilization on maize growth and nitrogen use efficiency under arid conditions. Journal of agronomy and crop science, 197(3), 186-201. https://doi.org. 10.1111/j.1439-037X.2010.00460.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2010.00460.x
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- Kirimi, J. K., Itulya, F. M., & Mwaja, V. N. (2011). Effects of nitrogen and spacing on fruit yield of tomato. African Journal of Horticultural Science, 5, 50-60. Link
- Machler, F., Oberson, A., Grub, A., & Nösberger, J. (1988). Regulation of photosynthesis in nitrogen deficient wheat seedlings. Plant Physiology, 87(1), 46-49. https://doi.org. 10.1104/pp.87.1.46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.87.1.46
- Manang, E.Z., Uriyo, A.P. & Singh, B.R. (1982). Effects of fertilizer nitrogen and phosphorous on tomato. Beitriigezurtropischen land wirtschaft and veterinary mediz in Dares Salaam University, Morogoro, Tanzani, 20(3), 247-253. https://doi/full/10.5555/19840318093
- Ogundare, S. K., Oloniruha, J. A., Ayodele, F. G., & Bello, I. A. (2015). Effect of different spacing and urea application rates on fruit nutrient composition, growth and yield of tomato in derived savannah vegetation of Kogi state, Nigeria. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 6(14), 2227-2233. https://doi.org. 10.4236/ajps.2015.614225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2015.614225
- Radin, J.W., Hartung, W., Kimball, B.A. & Mauney, J.R. (1988). Correlation of stomatal conductance with photosynthetic capacity of cotton only in a CO2 enriches atmosphere mediation by abscisic acid. Plant Physiol., 88, 1058-1062. https://doi.org. 10.1104/pp.88.4.1058. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.88.4.1058
- Rashid, A., AbdurRab, H. M., Ali, J., Shahab, M., Jamal, A., Rehman, A., & Ali, M. (2016). 08. Effect of row spacing and nitrogen levels on the growth and yield of tomato under walk-in polythene tunnel condition. Pure and Applied Biology, 5(3), 425-438. https://doi.org. 10.19045/bspab.2016.50055. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2016.50055
- Raza, B., Hameed, A., & Saleem, M. Y. (2022). Fruit nutritional composition, antioxidant and biochemical profiling of diverse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genetic resource. Frontiers in plant science, 13, https:// doi 1035163. 10.3389/fpls.2022.1035163 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1035163
- Sainju, U. M., Dris, R., & Singh, B. (2003). Mineral nutrition of tomato. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 1(2), 176–183. Link
- Sigaye, M. H., Lulie, B., Mekuria, R., & Kebede, K. (2022). Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization Rates on Tomato Yield and Partial Factor Productivity Under Irrigation Condition in Southern, Ethiopia. International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences, 8(4), 1-7. Link
- Wafa, S., Salihi, M. S., & Himatkhwah, R. (2024). Impacts of Climate-smart Agriculture on Crop Production A Review. Journal of Natural Science Review, 2(4), 84–94. https://doi.org/10.62810/jnsr.v2iSpecial.Issue.133 DOI: https://doi.org/10.62810/jnsr.v2i4.99
References
Abdel-Mawgoud, A. M. R., El-Greadly, N. H. M., Helmy, Y. I., & Singer, S. M. (2007). Responses of tomato plants to different rates of humic-based fertilizer and NPK fertilization. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 3(2), 169-174. Link
Abu-Alrub, I., Saleh, S., & Awaga, A. A. (2019). Effect of different rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on yield and quality of greenhouse tomato under the UAE condition. EC Agric., 5, 139-146. Link
Ahmad, A., & Singh, A. (2007). Effects of Staking and Row-Spacing on the Yield of Tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum Mill.) Cultivar “Roma VF” in the Sokoto Fadama, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Horticultural Science, 10(1), 94-98. https://doi.org.10.4314/njhs.v10i1.3415 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/njhs.v10i1.3415
Ara, N., Bashar, M. K., Begum, S., & Kakon, S. S. (2007). Effect of spacing and stem pruning on the growth and yield of tomato. I nt. J. Sustain. Crop Prod., 2(3), 35-39. Link
Arasu, P.A., & Vinotha, P. (2022). Effect of Spacing and Nitrogen Levels on Growth, Yield and Quality of Cherry Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. Cerasiforme). Int. J. Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci., 11(02), 171-189. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1102.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1102.020
Banerjee, M.K., Balyan, D.S., Kalloo, G., Singm, A. and Saini, P.S. (1997). Effect of nitrogen fertilization and planting pattern on fruit yield of tomato cv. Hisar Lalima. Crop Res., 14(3), 441-446. Link
Chen, Z., Tao, X., Khan, A., Tan, D. K., & Luo, H. (2018). Biomass accumulation, photosynthetic traits and root development of cotton as affected by irrigation and nitrogen-fertilization. Frontiers in plant science, 9, 1-14. https://doi.org. 10.3389/fpls.2018.00173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00173
Darwin, S. C., Knapp, S., & Peralta, I. E. (2003). Taxonomy of tomatoes in the Galápagos Islands: native and introduced species of Solanum section Lycopersicon (Solanaceae). Systematics and Biodiversity, 1(1), 29-53. https://doi.org. 10.1017/S1477200003001026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477200003001026
Frezer, A. (2007). Effect of Planting Density and Nitrogen Application on Yield and Yield Components of Potato at Enderta, Southern Tigray, Ethiopia. MSc. Thesis presented to Haromaya University, 18-27.
Gebre, E., & Giorgis, G. W. (2001). Effect of Spatial Arrangement on Tuber Yield of some Potato Cultivars. African Crop Science Journal, 9(1), 67-76. https://doi.org. 10.4314/acsj.v9i1.27627. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v9i1.27627
Hokam, E. M., El‐Hendawy, S. E., & Schmidhalter, U. (2011). Drip irrigation frequency: The effects and their interaction with nitrogen fertilization on maize growth and nitrogen use efficiency under arid conditions. Journal of agronomy and crop science, 197(3), 186-201. https://doi.org. 10.1111/j.1439-037X.2010.00460.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2010.00460.x
Jerry, E. M., Cury L. C., Demichele, W. D. & Beker, N. D. (1980). Light penetration in Row Crop with Random Plant Spacing. Agronomy Journal, 72, 131-139. https://doi.org. 10.2134/agronj1980.00021962007200010002x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1980.00021962007200010026x
Kirimi, J. K., Itulya, F. M., & Mwaja, V. N. (2011). Effects of nitrogen and spacing on fruit yield of tomato. African Journal of Horticultural Science, 5, 50-60. Link
Machler, F., Oberson, A., Grub, A., & Nösberger, J. (1988). Regulation of photosynthesis in nitrogen deficient wheat seedlings. Plant Physiology, 87(1), 46-49. https://doi.org. 10.1104/pp.87.1.46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.87.1.46
Manang, E.Z., Uriyo, A.P. & Singh, B.R. (1982). Effects of fertilizer nitrogen and phosphorous on tomato. Beitriigezurtropischen land wirtschaft and veterinary mediz in Dares Salaam University, Morogoro, Tanzani, 20(3), 247-253. https://doi/full/10.5555/19840318093
Ogundare, S. K., Oloniruha, J. A., Ayodele, F. G., & Bello, I. A. (2015). Effect of different spacing and urea application rates on fruit nutrient composition, growth and yield of tomato in derived savannah vegetation of Kogi state, Nigeria. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 6(14), 2227-2233. https://doi.org. 10.4236/ajps.2015.614225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2015.614225
Radin, J.W., Hartung, W., Kimball, B.A. & Mauney, J.R. (1988). Correlation of stomatal conductance with photosynthetic capacity of cotton only in a CO2 enriches atmosphere mediation by abscisic acid. Plant Physiol., 88, 1058-1062. https://doi.org. 10.1104/pp.88.4.1058. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.88.4.1058
Rashid, A., AbdurRab, H. M., Ali, J., Shahab, M., Jamal, A., Rehman, A., & Ali, M. (2016). 08. Effect of row spacing and nitrogen levels on the growth and yield of tomato under walk-in polythene tunnel condition. Pure and Applied Biology, 5(3), 425-438. https://doi.org. 10.19045/bspab.2016.50055. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2016.50055
Raza, B., Hameed, A., & Saleem, M. Y. (2022). Fruit nutritional composition, antioxidant and biochemical profiling of diverse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genetic resource. Frontiers in plant science, 13, https:// doi 1035163. 10.3389/fpls.2022.1035163 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1035163
Sainju, U. M., Dris, R., & Singh, B. (2003). Mineral nutrition of tomato. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 1(2), 176–183. Link
Sigaye, M. H., Lulie, B., Mekuria, R., & Kebede, K. (2022). Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization Rates on Tomato Yield and Partial Factor Productivity Under Irrigation Condition in Southern, Ethiopia. International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences, 8(4), 1-7. Link
Wafa, S., Salihi, M. S., & Himatkhwah, R. (2024). Impacts of Climate-smart Agriculture on Crop Production A Review. Journal of Natural Science Review, 2(4), 84–94. https://doi.org/10.62810/jnsr.v2iSpecial.Issue.133 DOI: https://doi.org/10.62810/jnsr.v2i4.99