Main Article Content
Abstract
Although feed additives are not considered nutrients, the addition of these materials is important to animal diets, especially for ruminants. Currently, because the use of antibiotics as feed additives has been banned, all efforts are concentrated on finding alternatives that maintain high animal feed efficiency and improve their productive performance. Plant-origin feed additives have, to some extent, been able to fill the gaps left by the lack of antibiotic use. These additives have been able to improve digestion and metabolism in animals while minimizing the side effects for consumers of animal products. This review discusses the additives that are currently being used globally in ruminant diets.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2024 Reserved for Kabul University.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
- Janseen, P.H. and Kirs M. Structure of the Archaeal community of the rumen. Appl Environ. Microbiol. 2008; 74 (12): 3619–25.
- Environmental Protection Agency.Greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 1990-2009. Environmental Protection Agency. Environ Prot Agency. 2011;(430-R-11-005).
- Janseen, P.H. Influence of hydrogen on rumen methane formation and fermentation balances through microbial growth kinetics and fermentation thermodynamics. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 2010, 160 (1–2): 1–22.
- Hart, K.J., Yáñez-Ruiz, D.R., Dual, S.M., et al. Plant extracts to manipulate rumen fermentation. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 2008, 147 (1–3): 8–35.
- Jouany, J. and Morgavi, D. Use of ‘natural’ products as alternatives to antibiotic feed additives in ruminant production. Animal. 2007, 1 (10): 1443.
- Greathead H. Plants and plant extracts for improving animal productivity. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2003, 62 (02): 279–90.
- Hook, S.E., Wright, A.D.G. and Mcbriged, B.W. Methanogens: methane producers of the rumen and mitigation strategies. In: Available at: http: //www.hindawi.com/journals/arch/ 2010/945785/. 2010.
- Tedeschi, L.O., Fox, D.G. and Tylutki T.P. Potential environmental benefits of ionophores in ruminant diets. J. Environ. Qual. 2003, 32: 1591–602.
- Hungate, R.E. The rumen and its microbes. New York Acad Press. 1966, 533.
- Tedeschi L.O., Callaway, T.R. and Muir, J.P.A.R. Potential environmental benefits of feed additives and other strategies for ruminant production. R. Bras. Zootec. 2011, 40: 291–309.
- Ellis, J.L., Dijkstra, J., Kebreab, E., et al. Aspects of rumen microbiology central to mechanistic modelling of methane production in cattle. J. Agric. Sci. 2008, 146: 213–33.
- Bergen, W.G. and Bates, D.B. Ionophores: their effect on production efficiency and mode of action. J Anim Sci. 1984, 58 (6): 1465–83.
- Russell, J.B. and Strobel, H.J. Effect of ionophores on ruminal fermentation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1989, 55: 1–6.
- Potter, E.L., Raun, A.P., Cooley C.O., et al. Effect of monensin on carcass characteristics, carcass composition and efficiency of converting feed to carcass. J. Anim. Sci. 1976, 63 (3): 678–83.
- Edrington, T.S., Callaway, T.R., BischoffI, K.M., et al. Effect of feeding the ionophores monensin and laidlomycin propionate and the antimicrobial bambermycin to sheep experimentally infected with E. col O157: H7 and Salmonella typhimurium. J. Anim. Sci. 2003, 81 (2): 553–60.
- Schrezenmeir, J. and DE-Verse, M. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics—approaching a definition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2001, 73 (2): 361S-364S.
- Martin, S.A. and Nisbet, D.J. Effects of Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract on fermentation of amino acids, bermudagrass and starch by mixed ruminal microorganisms in vitro. J. Anim. Sci. 1990, 68 (7): 2142–9.
- Lila, Z.A., Mohammed, N., Yasui, T., et al. Effects of a twin strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae live cells on mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation in vitro. J. Anim. Sci. 2004, 82 (6): 1847–54.
- Desnoyers, M., Giger-Reverdin, S., Bertin, G., et al. Metaanalysis of the influence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on ruminal parameters and milk production of ruminants. J. Dairy. Sci. 2009, 92 (4): 1620–32.
- Yoon J.T., Lee, J.H., Kim, C.K., Chung, Y.C. and Kim, C.H. Effects of milk production, season, parity and lactation period on variations of milk urea nitrogen concentration and milk components of Holstein dairy cows. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 2004, 17 (4): 479–84.
- Calsamiglia, S., Busquet, M., Cardozo, P.W., et al. Invited Review: Essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation. J. Dairy. Sci. 2007, 90: 2580–95.
- Benchaar, C., Duynisveld, J.L. and Charmley, E. Effects of monensin and increasing dose levels of a mixture of essential oil compounds on intake, digestion and growth performance of beef cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 2006, 86 (1): 91–6.
- Vincken, J.P., Heng, L., DE-Groot, A., et al. Saponins, classification and occurrence in the plant kingdom. Phytochemistry. 2007, 68 (3): 275–97.
- Wang, Y., McAllister, T.A., Newbold, C.J., et al. Effects of Yucca schidigera extract on fermentation and degradation of steroidal saponins in the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC). Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 1998, 74 (2): 143–53.
- Santos-Buelga, C. and Scalbert, A. Proanthocyanidins and tannin-like compounds - nature, occurance, dietary intake and effects on nutrition and health. J. Sci. Food. Agric. 2000, 80: 1094–117.
- Pahán-Riestra, S., Muir, J.P., Lambert, B.D., et al. Phosphorus and other nutrient disappearance from plants containing condensed tannins using the mobile nylon bag technique. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 2010, 156: 19–25.
- Schofield, P., Mbugua, D.M. and Pell A.N. Analysis of condensed tannins: a review. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2001, 91: 21–40.
- Waghorn, G. Beneficial and detrimental effects of dietary condensed tannins for sustainable sheep and goat production— Progress and challenges. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2008, 147 (1–3): 116–39.
- Carulla, J.E., Kreuzer, M. ,Machmüller, A., et al. Supplementation of Acacia mearnsii tannins decreases methanogenesis and urinary nitrogen in forage-fed sheep. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 2005, 56 (9): 961–70.
- Anderson, R.C., Rasmussen, M., Jensen, N., et al. Denitrobacterium detoxificans gen. nov., sp. nov., a ruminal bacterium that respires on nitrocompounds. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2000, 50 (2): 633–6.
- Bozic, A.K., Anderson, R.C., Callaway, T.R., et al. In vitro comparison of Nitroethane, 2-Nitro-1-Propanol, lauric acid, lauricidin and the Hawaiian marine algae, Chaetoceros activity against anaerobically grown Staphylococcus aureus. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med. 2010, 8 (3): 180–4.
- Newbold, C.J., Lopez, S., Nelson, N., et al. Propionate precursors and other metabolic intermediates as possible alternative electron acceptors to methanogenesis in ruminal fermentation in vitro. Br. J. Nutr. 2005, 94 (1): 27–35.
- Wood, T.A., Wallace, R.J., Rowe, A., et al. Encapsulated fumaric acid as a feed ingredient to decrease ruminal methane emissions. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2009 152 (1–2): 62–71.
References
Janseen, P.H. and Kirs M. Structure of the Archaeal community of the rumen. Appl Environ. Microbiol. 2008; 74 (12): 3619–25.
Environmental Protection Agency.Greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 1990-2009. Environmental Protection Agency. Environ Prot Agency. 2011;(430-R-11-005).
Janseen, P.H. Influence of hydrogen on rumen methane formation and fermentation balances through microbial growth kinetics and fermentation thermodynamics. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 2010, 160 (1–2): 1–22.
Hart, K.J., Yáñez-Ruiz, D.R., Dual, S.M., et al. Plant extracts to manipulate rumen fermentation. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 2008, 147 (1–3): 8–35.
Jouany, J. and Morgavi, D. Use of ‘natural’ products as alternatives to antibiotic feed additives in ruminant production. Animal. 2007, 1 (10): 1443.
Greathead H. Plants and plant extracts for improving animal productivity. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2003, 62 (02): 279–90.
Hook, S.E., Wright, A.D.G. and Mcbriged, B.W. Methanogens: methane producers of the rumen and mitigation strategies. In: Available at: http: //www.hindawi.com/journals/arch/ 2010/945785/. 2010.
Tedeschi, L.O., Fox, D.G. and Tylutki T.P. Potential environmental benefits of ionophores in ruminant diets. J. Environ. Qual. 2003, 32: 1591–602.
Hungate, R.E. The rumen and its microbes. New York Acad Press. 1966, 533.
Tedeschi L.O., Callaway, T.R. and Muir, J.P.A.R. Potential environmental benefits of feed additives and other strategies for ruminant production. R. Bras. Zootec. 2011, 40: 291–309.
Ellis, J.L., Dijkstra, J., Kebreab, E., et al. Aspects of rumen microbiology central to mechanistic modelling of methane production in cattle. J. Agric. Sci. 2008, 146: 213–33.
Bergen, W.G. and Bates, D.B. Ionophores: their effect on production efficiency and mode of action. J Anim Sci. 1984, 58 (6): 1465–83.
Russell, J.B. and Strobel, H.J. Effect of ionophores on ruminal fermentation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1989, 55: 1–6.
Potter, E.L., Raun, A.P., Cooley C.O., et al. Effect of monensin on carcass characteristics, carcass composition and efficiency of converting feed to carcass. J. Anim. Sci. 1976, 63 (3): 678–83.
Edrington, T.S., Callaway, T.R., BischoffI, K.M., et al. Effect of feeding the ionophores monensin and laidlomycin propionate and the antimicrobial bambermycin to sheep experimentally infected with E. col O157: H7 and Salmonella typhimurium. J. Anim. Sci. 2003, 81 (2): 553–60.
Schrezenmeir, J. and DE-Verse, M. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics—approaching a definition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2001, 73 (2): 361S-364S.
Martin, S.A. and Nisbet, D.J. Effects of Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract on fermentation of amino acids, bermudagrass and starch by mixed ruminal microorganisms in vitro. J. Anim. Sci. 1990, 68 (7): 2142–9.
Lila, Z.A., Mohammed, N., Yasui, T., et al. Effects of a twin strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae live cells on mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation in vitro. J. Anim. Sci. 2004, 82 (6): 1847–54.
Desnoyers, M., Giger-Reverdin, S., Bertin, G., et al. Metaanalysis of the influence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on ruminal parameters and milk production of ruminants. J. Dairy. Sci. 2009, 92 (4): 1620–32.
Yoon J.T., Lee, J.H., Kim, C.K., Chung, Y.C. and Kim, C.H. Effects of milk production, season, parity and lactation period on variations of milk urea nitrogen concentration and milk components of Holstein dairy cows. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 2004, 17 (4): 479–84.
Calsamiglia, S., Busquet, M., Cardozo, P.W., et al. Invited Review: Essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation. J. Dairy. Sci. 2007, 90: 2580–95.
Benchaar, C., Duynisveld, J.L. and Charmley, E. Effects of monensin and increasing dose levels of a mixture of essential oil compounds on intake, digestion and growth performance of beef cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 2006, 86 (1): 91–6.
Vincken, J.P., Heng, L., DE-Groot, A., et al. Saponins, classification and occurrence in the plant kingdom. Phytochemistry. 2007, 68 (3): 275–97.
Wang, Y., McAllister, T.A., Newbold, C.J., et al. Effects of Yucca schidigera extract on fermentation and degradation of steroidal saponins in the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC). Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 1998, 74 (2): 143–53.
Santos-Buelga, C. and Scalbert, A. Proanthocyanidins and tannin-like compounds - nature, occurance, dietary intake and effects on nutrition and health. J. Sci. Food. Agric. 2000, 80: 1094–117.
Pahán-Riestra, S., Muir, J.P., Lambert, B.D., et al. Phosphorus and other nutrient disappearance from plants containing condensed tannins using the mobile nylon bag technique. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 2010, 156: 19–25.
Schofield, P., Mbugua, D.M. and Pell A.N. Analysis of condensed tannins: a review. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2001, 91: 21–40.
Waghorn, G. Beneficial and detrimental effects of dietary condensed tannins for sustainable sheep and goat production— Progress and challenges. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2008, 147 (1–3): 116–39.
Carulla, J.E., Kreuzer, M. ,Machmüller, A., et al. Supplementation of Acacia mearnsii tannins decreases methanogenesis and urinary nitrogen in forage-fed sheep. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 2005, 56 (9): 961–70.
Anderson, R.C., Rasmussen, M., Jensen, N., et al. Denitrobacterium detoxificans gen. nov., sp. nov., a ruminal bacterium that respires on nitrocompounds. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2000, 50 (2): 633–6.
Bozic, A.K., Anderson, R.C., Callaway, T.R., et al. In vitro comparison of Nitroethane, 2-Nitro-1-Propanol, lauric acid, lauricidin and the Hawaiian marine algae, Chaetoceros activity against anaerobically grown Staphylococcus aureus. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med. 2010, 8 (3): 180–4.
Newbold, C.J., Lopez, S., Nelson, N., et al. Propionate precursors and other metabolic intermediates as possible alternative electron acceptors to methanogenesis in ruminal fermentation in vitro. Br. J. Nutr. 2005, 94 (1): 27–35.
Wood, T.A., Wallace, R.J., Rowe, A., et al. Encapsulated fumaric acid as a feed ingredient to decrease ruminal methane emissions. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2009 152 (1–2): 62–71.