Article Sidebar

Download
Statistic
Read Counter : 31

Main Article Content

Abstract

Like other pathogens, viruses also encounter the host immune system soon after entering the body and are often deactivated. However, if viruses can defeat the host immune system, they will cause infection. The infection then spreads throughout the body, resulting in viremia, clinical signs, and possibly death of the infected host. Since viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, they are unable to replicate without interacting with host cells, which may cause cell damage. This review article provides an overview of virus-host/cell interactions that typically occur during an infection.

Keywords

Antibody Cell Apoptosis Host Infection Interferons RNA Degradation Viru

Article Details

License

Copyright (c) 2024 Reserved for Kabul University.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

How to Cite
Hakim, H. . (2025). Overview of Virus-Host Interactions Within an Infection Process. Journal of Natural Sciences – Kabul University, 4(3), 29–42. https://doi.org/10.62810/jns.v4i3.232
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX

References

  1. D. Ribet and P. Cossart, “How bacterial pathogens colonize their hosts and invade deeper tissues,” Microbes and Infection. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.01.004.
  2. D. Dou, R. Revol, H. Östbye, H. Wang, and R. Daniels, “Influenza A virus cell entry, replication, virion assembly and movement,” Frontiers in Immunology. 2018, doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01581.
  3. N. Yan and Z. J. Chen, “Intrinsic antiviral immunity,” Nature Immunology. 2012, doi: 10.1038/ni.2229.
  4. T. Kawai and S. Akira, “Innate immune recognition of viral infection,” Nature Immunology. 2006, doi: 10.1038/ni1303.
  5. H. Streeck and D. F. Nixon, “T cell immunity in acute HIV-1 infection.,” The Journal of infectious diseases. 2010, doi: 10.1086/655652.
  6. M. S. Diamond, “Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flaviviruses,” Immunology and Cell Biology. 2003, doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2003.01157.x.
  7. I. Karakasiliotis, Y. Chaudhry, L. O. Roberts, and I. G. Goodfellow, “Feline calicivirus replication: Requirement for polypyrimidine tract-binding protien is temperature-dependent,” J. Gen. Virol., 2006, doi: 10.1099/vir.0.82153-0.
  8. J. K. Millet and G. R. Whittaker, “Host cell proteases: Critical determinants of coronavirus tropism and pathogenesis,” Virus Res., 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.11.021.
  9. M. D. Fernandez-Garcia, M. Mazzon, M. Jacobs, and A. Amara, “Pathogenesis of Flavivirus Infections: Using and Abusing the Host Cell,” Cell Host and Microbe. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2009.04.001.
  10. L. Jones, A. J. Hamilton, O. Voinnet, C. L. Thomas, A. J. Maule, and D. C. Baulcombe, “RNA-DNA interactions and DNA methylation in post-transcriptional gene silencing,” Plant Cell, 1999, doi: 10.1105/tpc.11.12.2291.
  11. Y. Lim, Y. Ng, J. Tam, and D. Liu, “Human Coronaviruses: A Review of Virus–Host Interactions,” Diseases, 2016, doi: 10.3390/diseases4030026.
  12. X. Chen, S. Liu, M. U. Goraya, M. Maarouf, S. Huang, and J. L. Chen, “Host immune response to influenza A virus infection,” Frontiers in Immunology. 2018, doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00320.
  13. D. M. Knipe and A. Cliffe, “Chromatin control of herpes simplex virus lytic and latent infection,” Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2008, doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1794.
  14. K. I. Berns, “Parvovirus replication,” Microbiological Reviews. 1990, doi: 10.1128/mmbr.54.3.316-329.1990.
  15. J. Staykova, T. Belovska, A. Murad, S. Kakid, A. Nacheva, and E. Shikova, “Cervical viral infections among asymptomatic Bulgarian women,” Cent. Eur. J. Public Health, 2016, doi: 10.21101/cejph.a4299.
  16. M. S. McLemore et al., “Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas in HIV-positive patients: A preliminary investigation of viral associations,” Head Neck Pathol., 2010, doi: 10.1007/s12105-010-0171-9.
  17. M. Grce, K. Husnjak, N. Milutin, and M. Matovina, “Detection of papillomaviruses and other causative agents of sexually transmitted diseases by the methods of molecular diagnosis,” Acta Medica Croat., 2003.
  18. M. Z. Tesfay et al., “Alpha/Beta Interferon Inhibits Cap-Dependent Translation of Viral but Not Cellular mRNA by a PKR-Independent Mechanism,” J. Virol., 2008, doi: 10.1128/jvi.01784-07.
  19. John Carter and Venetia Saunders, Virology; principles and applications, 2nd ed. Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 2013.
  20. J. J. Feld and J. H. Hoofnagle, “Mechanism of action of interferon and ribavirin in treatment of hepatitis C,” Nature. 2005, doi: 10.1038/nature04082.
  21. P. Batten, M. H. Yacoub, and M. L. Rose, “Effect of human cytokines (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-4) on porcine endothelial cells: induction of MHC and adhesion molecules and functional significance of these changes.,” Immunology, 1996.
  22. J. Talon et al., “Activation of Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 Is Inhibited by the Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein,” J. Virol., 2000, doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.17.7989-7996.2000.
  23. L. L. Lanier, “Up on the tightrope: Natural killer cell activation and inhibition,” Nature Immunology. 2008, doi: 10.1038/ni1581.
  24. E. Vivier, J. A. Nunès, and F. Vély, “Natural killer cell signaling pathways,” Science. 2004, doi: 10.1126/science.1103478.
  25. C. Sun, H. Y. Sun, W. H. Xiao, C. Zhang, and Z. G. Tian, “Natural killer cell dysfunction in hepatocellular carcinoma and NK cell-based immunotherapy,” Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2015, doi: 10.1038/aps.2015.41.
  26. R. Suspène, C. Rusniok, J. P. Vartanian, and S. Wain-Hobson, “Twin gradients in APOBEC3 edited HIV-1 DNA reflect the dynamics of lentiviral replication,” Nucleic Acids Res., 2006, doi: 10.1093/nar/gkl555.
  27. H. Guo, P. Kumar, and S. Malarkannan, “Evasion of natural killer cells by influenza virus,” J. Leukoc. Biol., 2011, doi: 10.1189/jlb.0610319.
  28. J. Ratcliff and P. Simmonds, “Potential APOBEC-mediated RNA editing of the genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses and its impact on their longer term evolution,” Virology, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.12.018.
  29. K. Uriu, Y. Kosugi, J. Ito, and K. Sato, “The Battle between Retroviruses and APOBEC3 Genes: Its Past and Present,” Viruses. 2021, doi: 10.3390/v13010124.
  30. J. W. Goding, “Antibody Structure and Function,” in Monoclonal Antibodies, 1996.
  31. S. M. Andrew and J. A. Titus, “Fragmentation of Immunoglobulin G,” Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol., 2003, doi: 10.1002/0471143030.cb1604s17.
  32. N. S. Merle, R. Noe, L. Halbwachs-Mecarelli, V. Fremeaux-Bacchi, and L. T. Roumenina, “Complement system part II: Role in immunity,” Frontiers in Immunology. 2015, doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00257.
  33. G. A. Duque and A. Descoteaux, “Macrophage cytokines: Involvement in immunity and infectious diseases,” Frontiers in Immunology. 2014, doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00491.
  34. S. Gunti and A. L. Notkins, “Polyreactive Antibodies: Function and Quantification,” 2015, doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu512.
  35. A. C. Walls, Y. J. Park, M. A. Tortorici, A. Wall, A. T. McGuire, and D. Veesler, “Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein,” Cell, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058.
  36. B. Alberts, A. Johnson, and J. Lewis, “Helper T cells and Lymphocyte Activation,” in Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2002.
  37. M. H. Andersen, D. Schrama, P. Thor Straten, and J. C. Becker, “Cytotoxic T cells,” Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2006, doi: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700001.
  38. S. P. Schoenberger, R. E. M. Toes, E. I. H. Van Dervoort, R. Offringa, and C. J. M. Melief, “T-cell help for cytotoxic T lymphocytes is mediated by CD40-CD4OL interactions,” Nature, 1998, doi: 10.1038/31002.
  39. A. B. Hill, B. C. Barnett, A. J. McMichael, and D. J. McGeoch, “HLA class I molecules are not transported to the cell surface in cells infected with herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2.,” J. Immunol., 1994.
  40. P. Corbeau, “Interfering RNA and HIV: Reciprocal interferences,” PLoS Pathogens. 2008, doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000162.
  41. K. I. Ivanov, K. Eskelin, A. Lõhmus, and K. Mäkinen, “Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying potyvirus infection,” Journal of General Virology. 2014, doi: 10.1099/vir.0.064220-0.
  42. A. Papa, K. Tsergouli, K. Tsioka, and A. Mirazimi, “Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: Tick-Host-Virus Interactions,” Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 2017, doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00213.
  43. S. Cory, D. C. S. Huang, and J. M. Adams, “The Bcl-2 family: Roles in cell survival and oncogenesis,” Oncogene. 2003, doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207102.