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Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum), the staple food of 89 countries, including Afghanistan, is expected to decline by 40% due to extreme heat and dry conditions worldwide. According to the Office of Global Analysis, wheat imports to Afghanistan increased from 2,700 tons to 3,700 tons from 2016 to 2019, highlighting the need for further research on wheat under drought conditions. Drought stress has destructive effects on germination, stems, shrubs, flowers, and spikes, while elongated roots, wax layers, and stomatal pores (which control CO2 intake during photosynthesis) play a crucial role in water retention and storage. Drought increases the requirement for adenosine triphosphate (ATP), but Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) also increase under drought conditions, leading to plant damage. In wheat, 309 genes, including WRKY transcription factors and the Ethylene-responsive element binding factor-associated Amphiphilic Repression (EAR) motif, were detected in response to drought stresses.
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References
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References
Kulkarni M, Soolanayakanahally R, Ogawa S, Uga Y, Selvaraj MG, Kagale S. Drought response in wheat: Key genes and regulatory mechanisms controlling root system architecture and transpiration efficiency. Front Chem. 2017;5(DEC):1–13.
Manickavelu A, Kawaura K, Oishi K, Shin-I T, Kohara Y, Yahiaoui N, et al. Comprehensive functional analyses of expressed sequence tags in common wheat (Triticum aestivum). DNA Res. 2012;19(2):165–77.
Guo X, Xin Z, Yang T, Ma X, Zhang Y, Wang Z, et al. Metabolomics response for drought stress tolerance in chinese wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum). Plants. 2020;9(4):1–15.
Anwaar HA, Perveen R, Mansha MZ, Abid M, Sarwar ZM, Aatif HM, et al. Assessment of grain yield indices in response to drought stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Saudi J Biol Sci (Internet). 2020;27(7):1818–23. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.12.009
Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Rahman A, Anee TI, Alam MU, Bhuiyan TF, et al. Approaches to Enhance Salt Stress Tolerance in Wheat. Wheat Improv Manag Util. 2017;(September).
Liu C, Sukumaran S, Claverie E, Sansaloni C, Dreisigacker S, Reynolds M. Genetic dissection of heat and drought stress QTLs in phenology-controlled synthetic-derived recombinant inbred lines in spring wheat. Mol Breed. 2019;39(3).
Ma J, Li R, Wang H, Li D, Wang X, Zhang Y, et al. Transcriptomics analyses reveal wheat responses to drought stress during reproductive stages under field conditions. Front Plant Sci. 2017;8(April):1–13.
Sallam A, Alqudah AM, Dawood MFA, Baenziger PS, Börner A. Drought stress tolerance in wheat and barley: Advances in physiology, breeding and genetics research. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(13).
Pour-Aboughadareh A, Ahmadi J, Mehrabi AA, Etminan A, Moghaddam M, Siddique KHM. Physiological responses to drought stress in wild relatives of wheat: implications for wheat improvement. Acta Physiol Plant. 2017;39(4).
Wang Y, Qiu L, Song Q, Wang S, Wang Y, Ge Y. Root proteomics reveals the effects ofwood vinegar on wheat growth and subsequent tolerance to drought stress. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(4):1–23.
Cui G, Zhao X, Liu S, Sun F, Zhang C, Xi Y. Beneficial effects of melatonin in overcoming drought stress in wheat seedlings. Plant Physiol Biochem (Internet). 2017;118(December):138–49. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.06.014
Zhang G, Zhang M, Zhao Z, Ren Y, Li Q, Wang W. Wheat TaPUB1 modulates plant drought stress resistance by improving antioxidant capability. Sci Rep (Internet). 2017;7(1):1–13. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08181-w
Barnawal D, Bharti N, Pandey SS, Pandey A, Chanotiya CS, Kalra A. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhance wheat salt and drought stress tolerance by altering endogenous phytohormone levels and TaCTR1/TaDREB2 expression. Physiol Plant. 2017;161(4):502–14.
El-Esawi MA, Al-Ghamdi AA, Ali HM, Ahmad M. Overexpression of atWRKY30 transcription factor enhances heat and drought stress tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Genes (Basel). 2019;10(2).
Gao H, Wang Y, Xu P, Zhang Z. Overexpression of a WRKY transcription factor TaWRKY2 enhances drought stress tolerance in transgenic wheat. Front Plant Sci. 2018;9(August):1–10.