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Abstract
Milk is one of the most complete and essential natural foods for humans, as dairy products can be consumed by individuals of all ages. Healthy milk production and quality are vital for both consumer health and the economy. One of the important indicators used to evaluate the quality and safety of milk is the Somatic Cell Count (SCC). These cells consist of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages. The number of somatic cells in milk reflects the presence of these cells, which should be subtracted from any invading bacteria. The SCC is used to determine udder infections. In many countries, the somatic cell count in milk serves as a health indicator and is used for pricing raw milk.
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References
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- Barrio, M.B. Rainard, P. Poutrel, B. Milk complements and the opsonophagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis isolates by bovine neutrophils. Microb. Pathog. 2003, 34 (1):1-9.
- Burton J.L. Erskine R.J. Immunity and mastitis. Some new ideas for an old disease. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 2003. PP 19, 1 –45.
- Burton J.L. Kehrli J.M.E. Effects of dexamethasone on bovine circulating T lymphocyte populations. J. Leukoc. Bi. 1996. PP 59, 90–99.
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- Heringstad B. Klemetsdal G. Steine T. Selection responses for clinical mastitis and protein yield in two Norwegian dairy cattle selection experiments. J. Dairy Sci. 2003. 86, 2990–2999.
- Hogan J. Smith Larry K. Coliform mastitis. Vet. Res. 1989. 34,507– 519.
- .Kehrli Jr. M.E. Nonnecke B.J. Roth J.A. Alterations in bovine neutrophil function during the periparturient period. Am.J. Vet. Res. 2003 50, 207– 214.
- Kehrli Jr. M.E. Cullor J.S. Nickerson S.C. Immunobiology of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors: potential application to disease prevention in the bovine. J Dairy Sci. 1991a. 74, 4399– 4412.
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- Korhonen H. Marnila P. Gill H.S. Milk immunoglobulins and complement factors. Br. J. Nutr. 2000. 84 (Suppl 1), S75– S80.
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- Nickerson S.C. Resistance mechanisms of the bovine udder: new implications for mastitis control at the teat end. J. Am. Vet.Med. Assoc. 1987. 1484– 1488.
- Paape M.J. Bannerman D.D. Zhao X. Lee J.W. The bovine neutrophil: structure and function in blood and milk. Vet. Res. 2003. 34, 597– 627.
- Persson K. Larsson I. Hallen Sandgren C. Effects of certain inflammatory mediators on bovine neutrophil migration in vivo and in vitro. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1993, 99– 112.
- Preisler M.T. Weber P.S. Tempelman R.J. Erskine R.J. Hunt H. Burton J.L. Glucocorticoid receptor down-regulation in neutrophils of periparturient cows. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2000. 14– 19.
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- .Riollet C. Rainard P. Poutrel B. Differential induction of complement fragment C5a and inflammatory cytokines during intramammary infections with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 2000. 161– 167.
- . Selsted M.E. Tang Y.Q. Morris W.L. McGuire P.A. Novotny M.J. Smith W. Henschen A.H. Cullor J.S. Purification, primary structures, and antibacterial activities of betadefensins, a new family of antimicrobial peptides from bovine milk and phagocytosis by bovine neutrophils. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1993. 49, 42– 45.
- .Paape M.J. Bannerman D.D. Zhao X. Lee J.W. The bovine neutrophil: structure and function in blood and milk. Vet. Res. 2003. 34, 597– 627.
- .Persson K. Larsson I. Hallen Sandgren C. Effects of certain inflammatory mediators on bovine neutrophil migration in vivo and in vitro. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1993. 99– 112.
- . Preisler M.T. Weber P.S. Tempelman R.J. Erskine R.J. Hunt H. Burton J.L. Glucocorticoid receptor expression profiles in mononuclear leukocytes of periparturient Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2000b. 38– 47.
- . Riollet C. Rainard P. Poutrel B. Differential induction of complement fragment C5a and inflammatory cytokines during intramammary infections with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 2000b. 161– 167.
- . Selsted M.E. Tang Y.Q. Morris,W.L. McGuire P.A. Novotny M.J. Smith W. Henschen A.H. Cullor J.S. Purification, primary structures, and antibacterial activities of betadefensins, a new family of antimicrobial peptides from bovine neutrophils. J. Biol. Chem. 1993. 6641–6648.
- Shafer-Weaver K.A. Sordillo L.M. Enhancing bactericidal activity of bovine lymphoid cells during the periparturient period. J. Dairy Sci. 1996. 1347–1352.
- Shafer-Weaver K.A. Sordillo L.M. Bovine CD8+ suppressor lymphocytes alter immune responsiveness during the postpartum period. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1997. 53–64.
- Shafer-Weaver K.A. Pighetti G.M. Sordillo L.M. Diminished mammary gland lymphocyte functions parallel shifts in trafficking patterns during the postpartum period. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1996. 271–280.
- Shafer-Weaver K.A. Corl C.M. Sordillo L.M. Shifts in bovine CD4+ subpopulations increase TH-2 compared to TH-1 effector cells during the postpartum period. J. Dairy Sci. 1999. 1696– 1706.
- Sordillo L.M. Babiuk L.AModulation of bovine mammary neutrophil function during the periparturient period following in vitro exposure to recombinant bovine interferon gamma. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol . 1991. 393–402.
- Sordillo L.M. Streicher K.L. Mammary gland immunity and mastitis susceptibility. J. Mammary Gland. Biol. Neoplasia. 2002. 135– 146.
- Sordillo L.M. Kendall J.T. Cross T.H. Corl C.M. Molecular characterization of a saposin-like protein family member isolated from bovine lymphocytes. J. Dairy Sci. 2005. 1378– 1390.
- Zecconi A. Hamann J. Bronzo V. Moroni P. Giovannini G. Piccinini R. Relationship between teat tissue immune defences and intramammary infections. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2000.
References
Alluwaimi A. M. The cytokines of bovine mammary gland: prospects for diagnosis and therapy. 2004.Res. Vet. Sci. PP 77,211 –222.
Barrio, M.B. Rainard, P. Poutrel, B. Milk complements and the opsonophagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis isolates by bovine neutrophils. Microb. Pathog. 2003, 34 (1):1-9.
Burton J.L. Erskine R.J. Immunity and mastitis. Some new ideas for an old disease. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 2003. PP 19, 1 –45.
Burton J.L. Kehrli J.M.E. Effects of dexamethasone on bovine circulating T lymphocyte populations. J. Leukoc. Bi. 1996. PP 59, 90–99.
Detilleux J.C. Kehrli Jr. M.E. Stabel J.R. Freeman A.E. Kelley D.H. Study of immunological dysfunction in periparturient Holstein cattle selected for high and average milk production. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1995. 44, 251–267.
Diez-Fraile A. Meyer E. Duchateau L. Burvenich C. Effect of proinflammatory mediators and glucocorticoids on L-selectin expression in peripheral blood neutrophils from dairy cows in various stages of lactation. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2004. 65, 1421–1426.
Heringstad B. Klemetsdal G. Steine T. Selection responses for clinical mastitis and protein yield in two Norwegian dairy cattle selection experiments. J. Dairy Sci. 2003. 86, 2990–2999.
Hogan J. Smith Larry K. Coliform mastitis. Vet. Res. 1989. 34,507– 519.
.Kehrli Jr. M.E. Nonnecke B.J. Roth J.A. Alterations in bovine neutrophil function during the periparturient period. Am.J. Vet. Res. 2003 50, 207– 214.
Kehrli Jr. M.E. Cullor J.S. Nickerson S.C. Immunobiology of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors: potential application to disease prevention in the bovine. J Dairy Sci. 1991a. 74, 4399– 4412.
.Kehrli Jr. M.E. Goff J.P. Stevens M.G. Boone T.C. Effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor administration to periparturient cows on neutrophils and bacterial shedding.J. Dairy Sci. 1991b. 74, 2448– 2458.
Kehrli M.E. Burton J.L. Nonnecke B.J. Lee E.K. Effects of stress on leukocyte trafficking and immune responses: implications for vaccination. Adv. Vet. Med. 1999.41, 61–81.
Korhonen H. Marnila P. Gill H.S. Milk immunoglobulins and complement factors. Br. J. Nutr. 2000. 84 (Suppl 1), S75– S80.
Leigh J.A. Vaccines against bovine mastitis due to Streptococcus uberis current status and future prospects. Adv.Exp. Med. Biol. 2000. 480, 307– 311.
Nickerson S.C. Resistance mechanisms of the bovine udder: new implications for mastitis control at the teat end. J. Am. Vet.Med. Assoc. 1987. 1484– 1488.
Paape M.J. Bannerman D.D. Zhao X. Lee J.W. The bovine neutrophil: structure and function in blood and milk. Vet. Res. 2003. 34, 597– 627.
Persson K. Larsson I. Hallen Sandgren C. Effects of certain inflammatory mediators on bovine neutrophil migration in vivo and in vitro. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1993, 99– 112.
Preisler M.T. Weber P.S. Tempelman R.J. Erskine R.J. Hunt H. Burton J.L. Glucocorticoid receptor down-regulation in neutrophils of periparturient cows. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2000. 14– 19.
.Preisler M.T. Weber P.S. Tempelman R.J. Erskine R.J. Hunt H. Burton J.L. Glucocorticoid receptor expression profiles in mononuclear leukocytes of periparturient Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 83, 38– 47. Pyorala, S., 2002. New strategies to prevent mastitis. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 2000b. 37, 211 – 216.
.Riollet C. Rainard P. Poutrel B. Cells and cytokines in inflammatory secretions of bovine mammary gland. Adv. Exp.Med. Biol. 2000a. 480, 247– 258.
.Riollet C. Rainard P. Poutrel B. Differential induction of complement fragment C5a and inflammatory cytokines during intramammary infections with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 2000. 161– 167.
. Selsted M.E. Tang Y.Q. Morris W.L. McGuire P.A. Novotny M.J. Smith W. Henschen A.H. Cullor J.S. Purification, primary structures, and antibacterial activities of betadefensins, a new family of antimicrobial peptides from bovine milk and phagocytosis by bovine neutrophils. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1993. 49, 42– 45.
.Paape M.J. Bannerman D.D. Zhao X. Lee J.W. The bovine neutrophil: structure and function in blood and milk. Vet. Res. 2003. 34, 597– 627.
.Persson K. Larsson I. Hallen Sandgren C. Effects of certain inflammatory mediators on bovine neutrophil migration in vivo and in vitro. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1993. 99– 112.
. Preisler M.T. Weber P.S. Tempelman R.J. Erskine R.J. Hunt H. Burton J.L. Glucocorticoid receptor expression profiles in mononuclear leukocytes of periparturient Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2000b. 38– 47.
. Riollet C. Rainard P. Poutrel B. Differential induction of complement fragment C5a and inflammatory cytokines during intramammary infections with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 2000b. 161– 167.
. Selsted M.E. Tang Y.Q. Morris,W.L. McGuire P.A. Novotny M.J. Smith W. Henschen A.H. Cullor J.S. Purification, primary structures, and antibacterial activities of betadefensins, a new family of antimicrobial peptides from bovine neutrophils. J. Biol. Chem. 1993. 6641–6648.
Shafer-Weaver K.A. Sordillo L.M. Enhancing bactericidal activity of bovine lymphoid cells during the periparturient period. J. Dairy Sci. 1996. 1347–1352.
Shafer-Weaver K.A. Sordillo L.M. Bovine CD8+ suppressor lymphocytes alter immune responsiveness during the postpartum period. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1997. 53–64.
Shafer-Weaver K.A. Pighetti G.M. Sordillo L.M. Diminished mammary gland lymphocyte functions parallel shifts in trafficking patterns during the postpartum period. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1996. 271–280.
Shafer-Weaver K.A. Corl C.M. Sordillo L.M. Shifts in bovine CD4+ subpopulations increase TH-2 compared to TH-1 effector cells during the postpartum period. J. Dairy Sci. 1999. 1696– 1706.
Sordillo L.M. Babiuk L.AModulation of bovine mammary neutrophil function during the periparturient period following in vitro exposure to recombinant bovine interferon gamma. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol . 1991. 393–402.
Sordillo L.M. Streicher K.L. Mammary gland immunity and mastitis susceptibility. J. Mammary Gland. Biol. Neoplasia. 2002. 135– 146.
Sordillo L.M. Kendall J.T. Cross T.H. Corl C.M. Molecular characterization of a saposin-like protein family member isolated from bovine lymphocytes. J. Dairy Sci. 2005. 1378– 1390.
Zecconi A. Hamann J. Bronzo V. Moroni P. Giovannini G. Piccinini R. Relationship between teat tissue immune defences and intramammary infections. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2000.