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Abstract
Circadian clocks regulate alternating periods of habit, physiology, and internal metabolism, enabling living organisms, especially humans, to adapt to the 24-hour cycle of the Earth. Circadian clocks control metabolic systems to obtain and consume energy during the light/dark cycle. Impaired control of the circadian system or inconsistency with the environment or behavior, such as eating at irregular intervals, changing working hours, poor sleep, and disrupting the circadian control system, increases the risk of metabolic diseases like type II diabetes. This article reviews recent evidence regarding the effects of environmental factors on metabolism and insulin sensitivity, emphasizing the physiological relationship between circadian clocks, glucose metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, existing studies indicate the association of circadian disorders with insulin sensitivity. However, new strategies are needed to prevent and treat diseases caused by disruptions in circadian rhythms.
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References
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- Albreiki MS, Middleton B. A single night light exposure acutely alters hormonal and metabolic responses in healthy participants. Endocr. Connect. 2017;: p. 100–110.
- Versteeg RIea. Acute effects of morning light on plasma glucose and triglycerides in healthy men and men with type 2 diabetes. J. Biol. Rhythms. 2017;: p. 130–142.
- Bonnefond A&FP. The case for too little melatonin signalling in increased diabetes risk. Diabetologia. 2017;: p. 823–825.
- Shan Zea. Sleep duration and risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta- analysis of prospective studies. Diabetes Care. 2015;: p. 529–537.
- Vetter C. Mismatch of sleep and work timing and risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015;: p. 1707–1713.
- Thaiss CAea. Transkingdom control of microbiota diurnal oscillations promotes metabolic homeostasis. Cell. 2014;: p. 514–529.
- Chang AM, Aeschbach D. Evening use of light- emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next- morning alertness. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 2015;: p. 1232–1237.
- Kredlow MA,CM. The effects of physical activity on sleep: a meta- analytic review. J. Behav Med. 2015;: p. 427–449.
- St- Onge MPea. Meal timing and frequency: implications for cardiovascular disease prevention: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;: p. e96–e121.
- Sutton EFea. Early time- restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress even without weight loss in men with prediabetes. Cell Metab. 2018;: p. 1212–1221.
References
Jessica F. Circadian rhythms in liver metabolism and diseas. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 2015;: p. 1-10.
Stenvers DJ. Circadian clocks and insulin resistance. Nature Reviews, endocrinology. 2019;: p. 75-90.
Schiaffino S, Blaauw B. The functional significance of the skeletal muscle clock: lessons from Bmal1 knockout models. Skelet. Muscle. 2016;: p. 23-33.
Vetter Cea. Night shift work, genetic risk, and type 2 diabetes in the UK biobank. Diabetes Care. 2018;: p. 762-769.
Woelfle MA, Ouyang Y. The adaptive value of circadian clocks: an experimental assessment in cyanobacteria. Curr. Biol. 2004;: p. 1481–1486.
Huang RC. The discoveries of molecular mechanisms for the circadian rhythm: The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Biomedical Journal. 2018;: p. 5-8.
Dibner C,S. The mammalian circadian timing system: organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2012;: p. 359–376.
Morris CJea. Endogenous circadian system and circadian misalignment impact glucose tolerance via separate mechanisms in humans. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 2015;: p. 2225–2234.
Tuomi Tea. Increased melatonin signaling is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Cell Metab. 2016;: p. 1067–1077.
Morris CJ, Aeschbach D. Circadian system, sleep and endocrinology. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 2012;: p. 91–104.
Moran- Ramos Sea. The suprachiasmatic nucleus drives day- night variations in postprandial triglyceride uptake into skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue. Exp. Physiol. 2017;: p. 1584–1595.
Iwashina I,MK. Clock genes regulate the feeding schedule- dependent diurnal rhythm changes in hexose transporter gene expressions through the binding of BMAL1 to the promoter/enhancer and transcribed regions. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2011;: p. 334–343.
Hansen Jea. Synchronized human skeletal myotubes of lean, obese and type 2 diabetic patients maintain circadian oscillation of clock genes. Sci. Rep. 2016;: p. 35-47.
Liu Jea. CLOCK and BMAL1 regulate muscle insulin sensitivity via SIRT1 in male mice. Endocrinology. 2016;: p. 259–2269.
Hong Sea. Dissociation of muscle insulin sensitivity from exercise endurance in mice by HDAC3 depletion. Nat. Med. 2017;: p. 223–234.
van Moorsel D. Demonstration of a day- night rhythm in human skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Mol. Metab. 2016;: p. 635–645.
Wehrens SMTea. Meal timing regulates the human circadian system. Curr. Biol. 2017;: p. 1768–1775.
Lee Pea. Brown adipose tissue exhibits a glucose- responsive thermogenic biorhythm in humans. Cell Metab. 2016;: p. 602–609.
Robles MS,CJ&M. In- vivo quantitative proteomics reveals a key contribution of posttranscriptional mechanisms to the circadian regulation of liver metabolism. PLOS Genet. 2014;: p. 40-47.
Krishnaiah SYea. Clock regulation of metabolites reveals coupling between transcription and metabolism. Cell Metab. 2017;: p. 1206.
Saini Cea. A functional circadian clock is required for proper insulin secretion by human pancreatic islet cells. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2016;: p. 355–365.
Sadacca LA,LKA. An intrinsic circadian clock of the pancreas is required for normal insulin release and glucose homeostasis in mice. Diabetologia. 2011;: p. 120–124.
Jarrett RJ&KH. Diurnal variation of oral glucose tolerance: a possible pointer to the evolution of diabetes mellitus. Br. Med. J. 1969;: p. 341-344.
Bass J&TJS. Circadian integration of metabolism and energetics. Science. 2010;: p. 1349–1354.
Ruano EG,CS. REV- ERB ALPHA polymorphism is associated with obesity in the Spanish obese male population. PLOS ONE. 2014;: p. e104065.
Obayashi K,SK. Independent associations of exposure Independent associations of exposure excretion with diabetes in the elderly. Chronobiol. Int. 2014;: p. 394–400.
Albreiki MS, Middleton B. A single night light exposure acutely alters hormonal and metabolic responses in healthy participants. Endocr. Connect. 2017;: p. 100–110.
Versteeg RIea. Acute effects of morning light on plasma glucose and triglycerides in healthy men and men with type 2 diabetes. J. Biol. Rhythms. 2017;: p. 130–142.
Bonnefond A&FP. The case for too little melatonin signalling in increased diabetes risk. Diabetologia. 2017;: p. 823–825.
Shan Zea. Sleep duration and risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta- analysis of prospective studies. Diabetes Care. 2015;: p. 529–537.
Vetter C. Mismatch of sleep and work timing and risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015;: p. 1707–1713.
Thaiss CAea. Transkingdom control of microbiota diurnal oscillations promotes metabolic homeostasis. Cell. 2014;: p. 514–529.
Chang AM, Aeschbach D. Evening use of light- emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next- morning alertness. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 2015;: p. 1232–1237.
Kredlow MA,CM. The effects of physical activity on sleep: a meta- analytic review. J. Behav Med. 2015;: p. 427–449.
St- Onge MPea. Meal timing and frequency: implications for cardiovascular disease prevention: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;: p. e96–e121.
Sutton EFea. Early time- restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress even without weight loss in men with prediabetes. Cell Metab. 2018;: p. 1212–1221.