Article Sidebar

Download
Requires Subscription PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 189 Download : 15

Main Article Content

Abstract

Since December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has triggered a pneumonia outbreak originating from Wuhan's Huanan seafood market in China. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has spread worldwide. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) report on December 21, 2020, COVID-19 had affected 215 countries, including Afghanistan. Global statistics estimate the mortality rate at 3.4%. Similar to the SARS coronavirus outbreak in 2002 and the MERS coronavirus outbreak in 2012, bats are the reservoir hosts for these viruses. The intermediate host for SARS is the palm civet, while MERS's intermediate host is the camel. Although the intermediate host for COVID-19 remains unidentified, pangolins are suspected. Early symptoms of COVID-19 include pneumonia, fever, myalgia, and fatigue. This paper aims to review and discuss the animal origins, structure, transmission, pathogenicity, clinical symptoms, and prevention of the coronavirus.

Keywords

COVID-19 Intermediate Host MERS Pathogenicity SARS Structure

Article Details

License

Copyright (c) 2021 Kabul University

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

How to Cite
Alizada, M. N. . (2021). Assessment of Animal Sources of Coronavirus and their Role in Causing Disease in Humans. Journal of Natural Sciences – Kabul University, 4(1), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.62810/jns.v4i1.203
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX

References

  1. Woo PCY, Huang Y, Lau SKP, Yuen KY. Coronavirus genomics and bioinformatics analysis. Viruses. 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v2081803
  2. Mardani K, Noormohammadi AH, Hooper P, Ignjatovic J, Browning GF. Infectious Bronchitis Viruses with a Novel Genomic Organization. J Virol. 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01694-07
  3. Shereen MA, Khan S, Kazmi A, Bashir N, Siddique R. COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. Journal of Advanced Research. 2020.
  4. Salamatbakhsh M, Mobaraki K, Sadeghimohammadi S, Ahmadzadeh J. The global burden of premature mortality due to the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) using standard expected years of life lost, 2012 to 2019. BMC Public Health. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7899-2
  5. Rahman A, Sarkar A. Risk factors for fatal Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections in Saudi Arabia: Analysis of the WHO Line list, 2013–2018. Am J Public Health. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305186
  6. Devaux CA, Rolain J-M, Colson P, Raoult D. New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19?Devaux, Christian A. Rolain, Jean-Marc Colson, Philippe Raoult, Didier. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938
  7. (WCHC) WCHC. Wuhan Municipal Health and Health Commission’s briefing on the current pneumonia epidemic situation in our city 2019. Biotechnol. Adv. 2019.
  8. Zhou P, Yang X Lou, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020.
  9. Lai CC, Shih TP, Ko WC, Tang HJ, Hsueh PR. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924
  10. Arabia S. COVID-19 Update. 2020;(December):19–21.
  11. Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen YM, Wang W, Song ZG, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature. 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3
  12. Kim J, Zhang J, Cha Y, Kolitz S, Funt J, Chong RE, et al. Coronavirus Disease - 2019 (COVID-19). ChemRxiv. 2020;(April).
  13. Chang CK, Sue SC, Yu TH, Hsieh CM, Tsai CK, Chiang YC, et al. Modular organization of SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein. J Biomed Sci. 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11373-005-9035-9
  14. Chan JFW, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KKW, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9
  15. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
  16. Shereen MA, Khan S, Kazmi A, Bashir N, Siddique R. COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. J Adv Res [Internet]. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005
  17. Phan LT, Nguyen T V., Luong QC, Nguyen T V., Nguyen HT, Le HQ, et al. Importation and Human-to-Human Transmission of a Novel Coronavirus in Vietnam. N Engl J Med. 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2001272
  18. Heymann DL, Shindo N. COVID-19: what is next for public health? The Lancet. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30374-3
  19. Zu ZY, Di Jiang M, Xu PP, Chen W, Ni QQ, Lu GM, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Perspective from China. Radiology. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200490
  20. Wong CK, Lam CWK, Wu AKL, Ip WK, Lee NLS, Chan IHS, et al. Plasma inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol. 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02415.x
  21. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China. JAMA. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648
  22. Wu YC, Chen CS, Chan YJ. The outbreak of COVID-19: An overview. J Chinese Med Assoc. 2020;83(3):217–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000270