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Abstract
The increasing release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere has compelled humanity to develop strategies and policies to mitigate their emissions. Methane, a significant greenhouse gas, is emitted from various sources, including ruminant animals through a digestive process known as enteric fermentation. This study outlines strategies to reduce methane emissions in livestock practices. Most of the proposed strategies focus on manipulating animal feed and optimizing ruminal fermentation. Methods such as incorporating fats and fumaric acid into animal diets, substituting structural carbohydrates with non-structural ones, and using additives like tannins and saponins have shown promise in reducing methane emissions from ruminants.
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References
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References
P. Garnsworthy, J. Craigon, j. Hernandez medrano and n. saunders, "on-farm methane measurements during milking correlate with total methane production by individual dairy cows," journal of dairy science, pp. 3166-3180, 2012.
L.-M. Tummler, M. Derno, V. Rottgen, A. Vernunft, A. Tuchscherer, P. Wolf and B. Kuhla, "Effects of 2 colostrum and subsequent milk replacer feeding intensities on methane production, rumen development, and performance in young calves," J. Dairy Sci, no. 103, pp. 6054-6069, 2020.
R. Bhatta, O. Enishi and M. Kurihara, "Measurement of Methane Production from Ruminants*," Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 1305-1318, 2007.
K. R. Lassey, "livestock methane emission from the individual grazing animal through national inventories to the global methane cycle," Agricultural and Forest Meterology, vol. 142, no. 2-4, pp. 120-132, 2007.
D. Locker and R. Champion, "methane production by sheep in relation to temporal changes in grazing behavior," Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 237-246, 2001.
RIRDC, "Using Methane in Intensive Livestock Industries," RIRDC Publication, Canberra, 2008.
B. K. Pen, S. Takaura, R. Yamaguchi, J. Asa and Takahashi., "effect of yucca schidigera and ouillaja saponaria with or without B 1-4 galacto-oligosaccharides on ruminal fermentation, methane production and nitrogen utilization in sheep," Animal Feed Science and technology, vol. 138, no. 1, pp. 75-88, 2007.
C. Arndt, a. B. Leytem, A. N. Hristov, D. Zavala-Araiza and J. P. Cativiela, "Short-term methane emissions from 2 dairy farms in California estimated by different measurement techniques and US environmental protection agency inventory methodology: A case study," J. Dairy Sci, no. 101, pp. 11467-11479, 2018.
B. Bryce, M. Denis, G. Arrwood, E. Altermann, P. Janssen, R. Ronimus, C. pinares-Patio, S. Muetzel and N. Wedlock, "strategies to reduce methane emissions from farmed ruminants grazing on pusture," the veterinary journal, vol. 188, no. 1, pp. 11-17, 2011.
T. A. Wood, A. Wallace, A. Rowe, J. Price, D. R. Yanez-Ruiz, C. J. Murray and Newbold, "encapsulated fumaric acid as a feed ingredient to decrease ruminal methane emission," Animal Feed Science and Technology, vol. 152, no. 1-2, pp. 62-71, 2009.
A. L. G. Monteiro, A. M. C. d. F. Faro, M. T. P. Peres, R. Batista, C. H. E. C. Poli and J. J. Villalba, "The role of small ruminants on global climate change," Animal Sciences, vol. 40, 2018.
D. Lovett, S. Lovell, L. Stack, J. Callan, M. Finlay, J. Conolly and F. P. Omara, "effect of forage/concentrate ratio and dietary coconut oil level on methane output and performance of finishing beef heifers.," livestock production science, vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 135-146, 2003.
G. Gislon, S. Colombini, G. Borreani, G. M. Crovetto, A. Sandrucci and G. Galassi, "Milk production, methane emissions, nitrogen, and energy balance of cows fed diets based on different forage systems," J. Dairy Sci, vol. 103, pp. 8048-8061, 2020.
S. Giger-Reverdin, P. Morand-Fehr and G. Tran, "literature survey of the influence of dietary fat composition on methane production in dairy cattle," Livestock Production Science, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 73-79, 2003.
H.-L. Mao, J.-k. Wang, Y.-Y. Zhou and J.-X. Liu, "effect of addition tea saponins and soybean oil on methane production, fermentation and microbial population in the rumen of growing lambs," livestock Science, vol. 129, no. 1, pp. 56-62, 2010.
H. Hess, B. Tiemann, B. Noto, C. Carulla and M. Kreuzer, "strategic use of tanins as means to limid methane emission from ruminant livestock," International congress series, vol. 1293, pp. 164-167, 2006.
J. Webba, T. Misselbrook, B. F. Pain, J. crabb and S. Ellis, "an estimate of the contribution of outdoor concrete yards used by livestock to the UK inventories of ammonia, nitrous oxide and methane," Atmospheric Environment, vol. 35, no. 36, pp. 6447-6451, 2001.
T. H. misselbrook, J. Webb, D. R. Chadwick, S. Ellis and B. F. Pain, "gaseous emissions from outdoor concrete yards used by livestock," Atmospheric Environment, vol. 35, no. 31, pp. 5331-5338, 2001.