محتوای اصلی مقاله
چکیده
طوفان گرد و خاک یک پدیده خاص و خطرناک اقلیمی بوده که مناطق متعددی جهان را متأثر میسازد که از آن جمله کشور ما افغانستان نیز از این پدیده در آمان نیست. در ادوار مختلف، کشور ما گزند این پدیده را دیده است که البته در ساحات همچو دشتهای شمال، جنوب غرب و جنوب کشور در اواخر بهار، تمام تابستان و اوایل خزان، بسیار عام بوده و بهنام بادهای 120روزه مشهور میباشد. به اساس تحقیقات و مدلهای کیمیاوی نشان داده شده که در نتیجهی تفاوت فشارها بین مناطق شمال و جنوب یعنی موجودیت مرکز فشار بلند بالای کوههای هندوکش و موجودیت ساحهی فشار پایین بالای مناطق دشتی جنوب غرب افغانستان بادهای 120 روزه بهوجود آمده و از آخر ماه بهار تا شروع خزان دوام میکند. جت سطوح پایین(LLJ) در مرز افغانستان و ایران تا به 300 الی 500 متر در یک ساعت میرسد.
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منابع
- Afghanistan Meteorological Department, http://www.amd.gov.af/sand-and-dust-stormsen/ (Accessed 2019)
- O. Alizadeh-Choobari, P. Zawar-Reza, A. Sturman. The “wind of 120 days” and dust storm activity over the Sistan Basin. 2014
- NCDC. Climate of Afghanistan, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2008, Accessed December 21, 2011.
- Prospero, J, Ginoux, P., Torres, O., Nicholson, S.E., and Gill, T.E. Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product. Reviews of Geophysics, 2002, February. 40 (1).
- Watt, N. Dust storm forces Cameron to abandon visit to Cam Bastion in Afghanistan. The Guardian. 2011, December 20. Accessed December 21, 2011.
- Nadafi K, Air pollution (its origin and control), Nas Scientific Institute, Inc, Tehran, Iran. 2010
- Xuan J, Sokolik IN, Hao J, Guo F, Mao H, Yang G. Identification and characterization of sources of atmospheric mineral dust in East Asia, Atmospheric Environment. 2004; 38(36): 6239-6252.
- Engelstaedter S, Tegen I, Washington R. North African dust emissions and transport, Earth-Science Reviews. 2006; 79(1-2): 73-100.
- Wark K, Warner W. Air pollution (its origin and control). Wesley Longman, Inc, England. 1998
- Wang S, Yuan Y, Shang K, The impacts of different kinds of dust events on PM10 pollution in northern China, Atmospheric Environment 2006; 40(40):75-79.
- United Nations Environment Programm, Environmental News Emergencies, Available from: URL: http//: www unep org/depi/programmes/emergencies html, (Accessed: 2005).
- You-zhi F, Kun-xun L, Rong D. The Causative Factors and Forecasting of the Black Storm in Hexi Corridor, Journal of Meteorology. 1994; 20(12): 50-53.
- Cuevas, Emilio & Terradellas, enric & Zhang, Xiaoye & Farrel, Daviz & Nikovic, Slobadan & Baklanov, Alexander & Basart, Sara & Garcia-Castrillo, Gerardo & Lee, Sang & Noori, Faezeh & Ranjabr, Abbas & Sealy, Anderea & Sehatkashani, Saviz. WMO AIRBORNE DUST BULLETIN Sand and Dust Storm Warning Advisory and Assessment System. 2017
- Middleton, N. The geography of dust storms [PhD thesis]. University of Oxford. 1986
- Goudie, Andrew & Middleton, Nick. Changing Frequencies of Dust Storm. 2006; 10.1007/3-540-32355-4_7.
- M.R. Ekhtesasia, Z. Gohari. Determining Area Affected by Dust Storms in Different Wind Speeds, Using Satellite Images (Case Study: Sistan Plain, Iran). 2013
- Goudie, A. S., & Middleton, N. J. Dust storms in south west Asia. Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Supplement. 2000; 7383.
- United Nations Environment Programm. Environmental News Emergencies, Available. 2005; from: URL: http//: www unep org/depi/programmes/emergencies html, (Accessed: 2005).
- Griffin DW, Atmospheric Movement of Microorganisms in Clouds of Desert Dust and Implications for Human Health, Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2007; 20(3): 459-577.
- Leli M, Naddafi K, Nabizadeh R, Yonesiyan M, Mesdaghinia A, Concentration of suspended particles and the air quality index (AQI) Central area of Tehran. J School of Public Health and Institute of Health Research. 2009; 7(1):57-67.
- NASA, Earth Obsevatory - December 20, 2011KMZ December 20, 2011JPEG December 20, 2011TIFF
- Khosravi. Mahmood. A Survey on the Vertical Distribution of Dust and Particle to Arise from Storms in Middle East Case study: Sistan, Iran. 2010
منابع
Afghanistan Meteorological Department, http://www.amd.gov.af/sand-and-dust-stormsen/ (Accessed 2019)
O. Alizadeh-Choobari, P. Zawar-Reza, A. Sturman. The “wind of 120 days” and dust storm activity over the Sistan Basin. 2014
NCDC. Climate of Afghanistan, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2008, Accessed December 21, 2011.
Prospero, J, Ginoux, P., Torres, O., Nicholson, S.E., and Gill, T.E. Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product. Reviews of Geophysics, 2002, February. 40 (1).
Watt, N. Dust storm forces Cameron to abandon visit to Cam Bastion in Afghanistan. The Guardian. 2011, December 20. Accessed December 21, 2011.
Nadafi K, Air pollution (its origin and control), Nas Scientific Institute, Inc, Tehran, Iran. 2010
Xuan J, Sokolik IN, Hao J, Guo F, Mao H, Yang G. Identification and characterization of sources of atmospheric mineral dust in East Asia, Atmospheric Environment. 2004; 38(36): 6239-6252.
Engelstaedter S, Tegen I, Washington R. North African dust emissions and transport, Earth-Science Reviews. 2006; 79(1-2): 73-100.
Wark K, Warner W. Air pollution (its origin and control). Wesley Longman, Inc, England. 1998
Wang S, Yuan Y, Shang K, The impacts of different kinds of dust events on PM10 pollution in northern China, Atmospheric Environment 2006; 40(40):75-79.
United Nations Environment Programm, Environmental News Emergencies, Available from: URL: http//: www unep org/depi/programmes/emergencies html, (Accessed: 2005).
You-zhi F, Kun-xun L, Rong D. The Causative Factors and Forecasting of the Black Storm in Hexi Corridor, Journal of Meteorology. 1994; 20(12): 50-53.
Cuevas, Emilio & Terradellas, enric & Zhang, Xiaoye & Farrel, Daviz & Nikovic, Slobadan & Baklanov, Alexander & Basart, Sara & Garcia-Castrillo, Gerardo & Lee, Sang & Noori, Faezeh & Ranjabr, Abbas & Sealy, Anderea & Sehatkashani, Saviz. WMO AIRBORNE DUST BULLETIN Sand and Dust Storm Warning Advisory and Assessment System. 2017
Middleton, N. The geography of dust storms [PhD thesis]. University of Oxford. 1986
Goudie, Andrew & Middleton, Nick. Changing Frequencies of Dust Storm. 2006; 10.1007/3-540-32355-4_7.
M.R. Ekhtesasia, Z. Gohari. Determining Area Affected by Dust Storms in Different Wind Speeds, Using Satellite Images (Case Study: Sistan Plain, Iran). 2013
Goudie, A. S., & Middleton, N. J. Dust storms in south west Asia. Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Supplement. 2000; 7383.
United Nations Environment Programm. Environmental News Emergencies, Available. 2005; from: URL: http//: www unep org/depi/programmes/emergencies html, (Accessed: 2005).
Griffin DW, Atmospheric Movement of Microorganisms in Clouds of Desert Dust and Implications for Human Health, Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2007; 20(3): 459-577.
Leli M, Naddafi K, Nabizadeh R, Yonesiyan M, Mesdaghinia A, Concentration of suspended particles and the air quality index (AQI) Central area of Tehran. J School of Public Health and Institute of Health Research. 2009; 7(1):57-67.
NASA, Earth Obsevatory - December 20, 2011KMZ December 20, 2011JPEG December 20, 2011TIFF
Khosravi. Mahmood. A Survey on the Vertical Distribution of Dust and Particle to Arise from Storms in Middle East Case study: Sistan, Iran. 2010