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Abstract
The Amu River Basin spans Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan. Afghanistan contributes 30% of the Amu River's total water supply. However, under Protocol 566, which governs the distribution of the river's water among riparian states, Afghanistan is not included. In the current scenario, Afghanistan can fully utilize its water resources under international water law across all sub-basins. This article provides a hydrological and legal assessment of water distribution and usage among the countries of the Amu River Basin (ARB). It analyzes water supply, withdrawals, and compliance with international water laws. Authoritative books, research reports, and articles were utilized to compare joint water agreements, international water principles, and the agricultural and land use impacts of basin countries. The findings represent a positive step for Afghanistan’s Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM).
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References
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- رحمتزی، اسدالله. د آموسیند اوبیزی حوزی هایدرولوژیکی اروزنه (علمي اثر) .کابل. کابل پوهنتون. ۱۳۹۸. صص ۵-۱۱۰.
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- Abdullaev. I, et al. The use of water resourece in the Amu Daryabasin. EastWest institute. 2012.
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- Ahmad,Masod. Wasiq,Mahwash. Water Resource Development in Northern Afghanistan and Its Implications for Amu Darya Basin. World Bank. 2008. PP. 6-66.
- Asarin, A. E; Kravtsova, V. L and Mikhailov, V. N. Amudarya and Syrdarya Rivers and their Delta. Hdb Eavi Chem., 7:101-121. DOI:10.1007/698.2009.8.
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- CAWaterinfo. the Aral Sea Bsin. 2011.
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- FAO, AQUASTAT survey, 2012.
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- Gander. Malcolm Johns. The role of international water law and supporting universally appllication water management principleinthe the development of a moodel transboundary agreement between riparians in interanational ririverbasin.PHD thesses. Washington state universitye. 2013.
- Glantz, M.H. Water, Climate and developmet issue in the Amu Darya Basin. Mitigation and Adoptation Stratigies for Global Change. 2005. PP. 10, 23-50.
- Horsman. Stuart. Afghaninstan and transboundary water management of the Amudarya: A polictical history. Foreign and commonwealth office, United Kingdom. Central Asian Water-Part 2. 2008. PP. 63-74.
- ICWC. http:// www.icwc-aral-ux/hwoamu.htm ( last access: 21 Nov 2010)
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- King. Matthew and Sturtewagen, Making the most of Afghanistan river basins opportunities for regional cooperation . East West institute. 2010.
- Klemm. Walter Shobair. Sayed Sharif. The Afghan part of Amu Darya basin impact of irrigation in north Afghanistan on water use in the Amu darya basin, FAO.
- Rahman. Muhamad Mizanur. Principles of international water law: creatin effective transboundary water resources management. international jounal of sustainable society, 2009.
- Schluter M, Savitsky. A.G, McKinney D.C. and Lieth H. Optimizing long-term water allocation in the Amudarya River Delta: a water management model for ecological impact assessment. Environmental Modling& Softwar, 20: 529-545. DOI: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2004.03.005.
- Shibuo Y. Jarsjo J. and Destouni G. Hydrological responses to climate change and irrigation in the Aral Sea drainage basin, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34. L21406, DOI: 10.1029/2007GL031465.
- Sokolov, V. Future of irrigation in Central Asia. IWMI.FAO Workshop trends and trasitions in Asian irrigation. What are the prospects for the future? 19-21 Jan 2009 Bankok.
- Su Ye. The Impacts of Climate change on river flow and riparian vegetation in the Amu Daray river Delta, Cental Asia. Department of physical Geography and Quaternary geology. Master Thesis. 2012.
- Tornqvist R. and Jarsjo J. Water savings through improved irrigation techniques: Basin scale quantification in semi-arid environments. Water Resource Management, Online First, 2011: DOI:10.1007/s1126-011-9819-9.
- UNDP. Water, Critical resource for Uzbekista’s Future. UNDP program Tashent, Uzbekistan. 2007: 121.
- UNESCO. The United Nation Wrold Water Development Report 3: Water in a Chainging World. UNESCO, Paris. 2009.
References
تڼیوال، محمد ظریف. د افغانستان عمومي جغرافیه.کابل. پوهنتون کابل. ۱۳۸۹. صص ۶۶- ۷۰.
رحمتزی، اسدالله. د آموسیند اوبیزی حوزی هایدرولوژیکی اروزنه (علمي اثر) .کابل. کابل پوهنتون. ۱۳۹۸. صص ۵-۱۱۰.
محمودی، سلطان محمود. مدیریت جامع منابع آبی در حوزه های آبریز افغانستان. جلد دوم. ۱۳۶۹. صص ۲۹-۷۰.
Abdullaev. I, et al. The use of water resourece in the Amu Daryabasin. EastWest institute. 2012.
ADBN info. Amu Dary Basin Newtork. Anum Darya River Basin. http://amudaryabasin.net/content/amu.darya.river.basin, Accessed on 05 March, 2013.
Ahmad,Masod. Wasiq,Mahwash. Water Resource Development in Northern Afghanistan and Its Implications for Amu Darya Basin. World Bank. 2008. PP. 6-66.
Asarin, A. E; Kravtsova, V. L and Mikhailov, V. N. Amudarya and Syrdarya Rivers and their Delta. Hdb Eavi Chem., 7:101-121. DOI:10.1007/698.2009.8.
Bortnik, V. N. Alteration of water leval and salinity of the Aral Sea. In Glantz, M. H. Creeping environmental problems and sustainable development in the Aral Sea basin. Camb. Univ.Press.1999: 47-66.
Cai, Ximing. McKinney D.C. and Rosegrant. M. W. Sustainability analysis for irrigation water management in the Aral Sea region. Agricultural System, 2003: 76(3):1043-1066.
CAWaterinfo. the Aral Sea Bsin. 2011.
Crosa, G. Froebrich, J. Nikolayenko V., Stefani. F, Galli. P, Calamari. D. Spatial and seasonal variations in the water quality of the Amu Darya River (Central Asia) Water Res.2006. PP. 40, 2237-2245.
FAO, AQUASTAT survey, 2012.
Froebrich J. and Kayumov. Odil. Water management aspects of Amu Darya-options for future startigies. (J.C.N ihoul et al. (eds.)). Dying and Dead Seas. 2004: Ch 2: PP. 49-76.
Gander. Malcolm Johns. The role of international water law and supporting universally appllication water management principleinthe the development of a moodel transboundary agreement between riparians in interanational ririverbasin.PHD thesses. Washington state universitye. 2013.
Glantz, M.H. Water, Climate and developmet issue in the Amu Darya Basin. Mitigation and Adoptation Stratigies for Global Change. 2005. PP. 10, 23-50.
Horsman. Stuart. Afghaninstan and transboundary water management of the Amudarya: A polictical history. Foreign and commonwealth office, United Kingdom. Central Asian Water-Part 2. 2008. PP. 63-74.
ICWC. http:// www.icwc-aral-ux/hwoamu.htm ( last access: 21 Nov 2010)
ICWC info. Interstate Commission for Water Coordination of Centeral Asia. Basin Water Orgnization “Amudary”. http://www.icwc.aral.uz/bwoamu.htm, Accessed on 03 March, 2013.
Jensen, Iris Hedegaard et all. River basin modelling of the Amu Darya Basin. Central Asia. Technical University of Denmark. 2010.
King. Matthew and Sturtewagen, Making the most of Afghanistan river basins opportunities for regional cooperation . East West institute. 2010.
Klemm. Walter Shobair. Sayed Sharif. The Afghan part of Amu Darya basin impact of irrigation in north Afghanistan on water use in the Amu darya basin, FAO.
Rahman. Muhamad Mizanur. Principles of international water law: creatin effective transboundary water resources management. international jounal of sustainable society, 2009.
Schluter M, Savitsky. A.G, McKinney D.C. and Lieth H. Optimizing long-term water allocation in the Amudarya River Delta: a water management model for ecological impact assessment. Environmental Modling& Softwar, 20: 529-545. DOI: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2004.03.005.
Shibuo Y. Jarsjo J. and Destouni G. Hydrological responses to climate change and irrigation in the Aral Sea drainage basin, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34. L21406, DOI: 10.1029/2007GL031465.
Sokolov, V. Future of irrigation in Central Asia. IWMI.FAO Workshop trends and trasitions in Asian irrigation. What are the prospects for the future? 19-21 Jan 2009 Bankok.
Su Ye. The Impacts of Climate change on river flow and riparian vegetation in the Amu Daray river Delta, Cental Asia. Department of physical Geography and Quaternary geology. Master Thesis. 2012.
Tornqvist R. and Jarsjo J. Water savings through improved irrigation techniques: Basin scale quantification in semi-arid environments. Water Resource Management, Online First, 2011: DOI:10.1007/s1126-011-9819-9.
UNDP. Water, Critical resource for Uzbekista’s Future. UNDP program Tashent, Uzbekistan. 2007: 121.
UNESCO. The United Nation Wrold Water Development Report 3: Water in a Chainging World. UNESCO, Paris. 2009.