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Abstract
Interferons are a family of endocrine and paracrine cytokines secreted by host cells in response to pathogenic agents, particularly viruses and bacteria. Interferons are small proteins that belong to the group of cytokines and act as the first line of defense against pathogens. There are three types of interferons: Type I, Type II, and Type III. They are usually produced rapidly during viral infections, highlighting their important role in controlling viral infections. Interferons also affect the immune system and inhibit tumor growth. This paper aims to review the various aspects of interferon function in the defense system, focusing on their structure, function, and mechanism of action during viral infections.
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References
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- E. Tomasello, E. Pollet, T. P. Vu Manh, G. Uzé, and M. Dalod, “Harnessing mechanistic knowledge on beneficial versus deleterious IFN-I effects to design innovative immunotherapies targeting cytokine activity to specific cell types,” Front. Immunol., 2014.
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References
M. R. Capobianchi, E. Uleri, C. Caglioti, and A. Dolei, “Type I IFN family members: Similarity, differences and interaction,” Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.
U. Schleicher et al., “Type I interferon signaling is required for CpG-oligodesoxynucleotide-induced control of Leishmania major, but not for spontaneous cure of subcutaneous primary or secondary L. major infection,” Front. Immunol., 2018.
A. Garcia-Diaz et al., “Interferon Receptor Signaling Pathways Regulating PD-L1 and PD-L2 Expression,” Cell Rep., 2017.
A. Isaacs and J. Lindenmann, “Virus interference. I. The interferon,” J. Interferon Res., 1987.
T. Kawai and S. Akira, “Toll-like receptor and RIG-1-like receptor signaling,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2008.
E. C. Borden et al., “Interferons at age 50: Past, current and future impact on biomedicine,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2007.
E. F. Wheelock, “Interferon-Like Virus-Inhibitor Induced in Human Leukocytes by Phytohemagglutinin,” Science (80-. )., 1965.
M. M. Freshman, T. C. Merigan, J. S. Remington, and I. E. Brownlee, “In vitro and in vivo Antiviral Action of an Interferon-Like Substance Induced by Toxoplasma gondii,” Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1966.
L. Prokunina-Olsson et al., “A variant upstream of IFNL3 (IL28B) creating a new interferon gene IFNL4 is associated with impaired clearance of hepatitis C virus,” Nat. Genet., 2013.
J. C. Hall and A. Rosen, “Type i interferons: Crucial participants in disease amplification in autoimmunity,” Nature Reviews Rheumatology. 2010.
R. Broering et al., “The interferon stimulated gene 15 functions as a proviral factor for the hepatitis C virus and as a regulator of the IFN response,” Gut, 2010.
W. Hou et al., “Lambda Interferon Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection of Macrophages,” J. Virol., 2009.
P. Marrack, J. Kappler, and T. Mitchell, “Type I interferons keep activated T cells alive,” J. Exp. Med., 1999.
A. A. Lin, P. K. Tripathi, A. Sholl, M. B. Jordan, and D. A. Hildeman, “Gamma Interferon Signaling in Macrophage Lineage Cells Regulates Central Nervous System Inflammation and Chemokine Production,” J. Virol., 2009.
H. Nakajima et al., “Enhanced tumor immunity of WT1 peptide vaccination by interferon-β administration,” Vaccine, 2012.
E. Tomasello, E. Pollet, T. P. Vu Manh, G. Uzé, and M. Dalod, “Harnessing mechanistic knowledge on beneficial versus deleterious IFN-I effects to design innovative immunotherapies targeting cytokine activity to specific cell types,” Front. Immunol., 2014.
L. M. Snell, T. L. McGaha, and D. G. Brooks, “Type I Interferon in Chronic Virus Infection and Cancer,” Trends in Immunology. 2017.