Main Article Content
Abstract
The quality of drinking water plays a critical role in human health, as it can contribute to infections and diseases. Water is the most vital element for survival for many organisms, and contamination of drinking water with various pollutants and pathogenic microbes poses a major challenge. In this study, a total of 120 samples were collected from various sources of drinking water around Kabul City between 1/2/2016 and 2/3/2017. These samples were transferred aseptically to animal diagnostic research laboratories for analysis. The results showed that 75 of the 120 samples tested positive for different microorganisms, including 44 samples of Streptococcus, 9 samples of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 10 samples of Hydrophilia, 3 samples of Citrobacter, and 1 infected sample.
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References
- آرزو، غ. م.، ایوبی، ن. م. و زمری، ف. م. مطالعه مایکربیولوژیکی آب چاههای خیرخانه و وزیراکبر خان مینه با مقایسه آب نل، پوهنتون کابل، مجله دانش (شماره -2)، 1367؛ صص 127-135.
- اسدی، ع. بررسی وضعیت بهداشت آب، آشامیدنی در منطقه 22 تهران، پایاننامه کارشناسی ارشد رشته دانشکده علوم بهداشت دام پزشکی تهران: 1382؛ صص 22-29 .
- رضویلر، و. میکروبهای بیماریزا در مواد غذایی و اپیدمیولوژی مسمومیتهای غذایی. چاپ سوم، تهران: موسسه انتشارات و چاپ دانشگاه تهران، 1387؛ صص 84-95.
- رفیعی، ر. بررسی وضعیت آلودگی آب آشامیدنی شهرستان اسلامشهر. پایان نامه کارشناسی، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه ارشد بهداشت عمومی دامپروی. تهران: 1379؛ ص-25.
- مهدوی زاده خ. و مهرانگیز، ا. ش. واکنشهای بیوکیمیایی در مواد و محیطهای کشت میکروب شناسی غذایی. تهران: 1386؛ صص 52-69.
- Abadias, M., Usall, J., Anguera, M., Solsona, C. and Viñas, I. Microbiological quality of fresh minimallyprocessed fruit and vegetables and sprouts from retail establishments. Int J Food Microbiol. 123(1-2), 2008; Pp 121-129.
- Abougrain, A., K. Nahaisi, M., Nuri, S., M. Mohamed, M. and Ghenghesh, K. Parasitological contamination in salad vegetables in Tripoli-Libya. Food control, (21). 2010; Pp: 760-762.
- APHA|AWWA|, wpcf. Standard Me That’s for the Examination of water and waste water , 20th edition, Washington D.C. 1998; P-201
- Bitzan, M., Ludwig, K., Klemt, M., Konig, H., Buren, J. and Muller-Wiefel D., E. the role of Escherichia coli O157 infections in the classical (enteropathic) haemolytic uraemic syndrome: results of a Central European, multicentre study. Epidemiol Infect. 1993; Pp: 110: 96.
- Brashears, M., Galyean M. E. coli O157:H7 in live cattle by 50 percent. 2002; Pp: 24: 36.
- CDC. Multistate Outbraek of E. coli O157 Infection Michigan and Ohio. MMWR. 2008; P:33 Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/
- Cowan, S., T. and Steel, K., J. Manual for the identification of medical bacteria. Cambridge University Press, New York. 1965; Pp:432-452.
- Dontorou, C., Papadopoulou, C., Filioussis, G., Economou, V., Apostolou I., Zakkas, G., Salamoura, A., Kansouzidou A and Levidiotou S. Isolation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from foods in Greece. Int J Food Microbiol; 82(3): 2003; Pp: 273-9.
- Ewing, W., H . Edwards and Ewing’s Identification of Enterobacteriacae, 4th ed. Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc., New York. 1986; Pp: 132-134.
- Fröder, H., Martins C., G. De Souza, K., L. Landgraf, M., Franco B., D.and Destro M.,T. (2007). Minimally processed vegetable salads: microbial quality evaluation. J Food Prot; 70(5) Pp: 1277-1280.
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- Gormley, F., J. Little C., L. Grant K., A. Pinna, E., McLauchlin, B. The microbiological safety of ready-to-eat specialty meats from markets and specialty food shops: A UK wide study with a focus on Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes. Food Microbiology; 27(4): 2010; Pp: 243-249.
- He, L., M. Lu, J. and Shi, W. Variability of fecal indicator bacteria in flowing and ponded waters in southern California: implications for bacterial TMDL development and implementation, Water Res. 41 (14): 2007; Pp: 3132–3140.
- (Haley BJ, Cole DJ, Lipp EK .Distribution Diversity and Seasonality of Waterborne Salmonellae in aRural Watershed .Applied and Environmental Microbiology;75(5): 2009; 1248–55.
- Jonaidi, J., N. Ranjbar, R., Haghi, A., M. Abedini M. and Izadi M. the study of prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of tracheal bacterial strains isolated from pediatric patients.Pak J Biol Sci، 12 (5). 2009; Pp: 455-458.
- Kargar, M., Heidary, S., Abbasian F., Shekarforoosh, S. Survey of prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility and verotoxin production of E.coli verotoxigenic (E.coli O157:H7) in raw milk of Jahrom cows. Iranian Journal of Infectious diseases and Tropical Medicine; 34. 2011; Pp: 7-11. (In Persian).
- Li, L., B. Kaymak and Haas C., N. "Validation of Batch Disinfection Kinetics of Escherichia coli Inactivation by Monochloramine in a Continuous Flow System." Environmental Engineering Science, 22.(5): 2005; Pp: 567-577.
- Meldrum, R., J. Little, C., L. Sagoo, S., Mithani, V., McLauchlin, J and de Pinna E. .Assessment of the microbiological safety of salad vegetables and sauces from kebab take-away restaurants in the United Kingdom. Food Microbiol., 26.(6): 2009; Pp: 573-7.
- Osek, J. Development of a multiplex PCR approach for the identification of shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli strains and their major virulence factor genes. J Appl Microbiol, 95. 2003; Pp: 1217-25.
- Oguntoke O, Aboderin OJ, Bankole AM .Association of water-borne diseases morbidity pattern andwater quality in parts of Ibadan City ,Nigeria .Tanzan J Health Res 009;11(4):189-95.
- Ponniah, J., Robin, T., Paie, M., S. Radu S., Ghazali, F. and M. Kqueen, C., Y. et al. Listeria monocytogenes in raw salad vegetables sold at retail level in Malaysia. Food Control, 21. (5): 2010; Pp: 774-778.
- Ranjbar, R., Sarshar, M. and Sadeghifard, N. Characterization of Genetic Diversity among Clinical Strains of Salmonella enterica Serovar Infantis by Ribotyping Method. Journal of Zanjan Medical School, 20.(81): 2012; Pp:75-84.
- (28) Rosen, B., H. a. Waterborne Pathogens in Agricultural Watersheds USDA- NRCS,Watershed Science Institute, University of Vermo, Burlington., 2000; P:14http://www.wsi.nrcs.usda.gov/product s/nutrient.html.
- Rosenberg, F., A. The microbiology of bottled water. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter, 25(6): 2003; Pp: 41-44
- Rosenberger, K., P. A. Fries, S., S. Cloud and R., A. Wilson. In vitro and in vivo characterization of avian Escherichia coli. II. Factors associated with pathogenicity. Avian Diseases, 29. 1985; Pp: 1094- 1107.
- Rowe, P., C. Orrbine E., Lior, H. Wells, G., A. and McLaine P., N. Diarrhoea in close contacts as a risk factor for childhood haemolytic uraemic syndrome. The CPKDRC co-investigators. Epidemiol Infect; 110. 1993; Pp:9-16.
- Salvato, J., A. Nemerow N., L. and Agardy J. Environmental Engineering Sanitation “ Environmental Engineering and Sanitation” , Forth Edition, John Wiley & Sons. 1992; P:34.
- Sherman, P., R. Soni, and M. Karmali. Attaching and effacing adherence of verocytotoxin- producing Escherichia coli to rabbit intestinal epithelium in vivo. Inf. Immun., 56. 1988; Pp: 756–761.
- Solly, w., Prierce, B., Robert, R. and Howard, A., P. Estimated use of water in united statesin.Geotheological survey circular1081. 1993,
- Strand, M. and. Merritt, R. W. Impacts of livestock grazing activities on stream insect. 1999; P:16.
- USEPA. the quality of our nation’s water. Office of Water 305 (b), Report, Washington, DC. 1996; P:23.
- WHO. World health organization, Diarrhoeal disease. 2011-2013; Available from http://www.who.int/ mediacentre /factsheets /fs330/en/.
- WHO. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. 2nd ed. vol 1- Recommendations. Geneva: 1993; Pp231-214.
- WHO. Guidelines for drinking-water quality.3rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2008; Pp:23-25.
- WHO, World Health. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality,Third edition Incorporating 1stand 2nd Switzerland, 1. 2007; Pp:100-140.
- WHO.World Health Organization, Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality,Third edition or porating 1st and 2nd Addenda, Recommendations, WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 1. 2008; Pp:140-146.
- World Health Organization. Antimicrobial Resistance; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland,. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2011; P:758.
- World Health Organization. Guidelines for recreational-water environment swimming pools space and similar recreational-water environment, Final Draft for Consultation. Geneva. 2002; Pp:101-112 .
- World Health Organization. Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). World Health Organization.Drinking water quality guidelines training package. Geneva P. 2005.
References
آرزو، غ. م.، ایوبی، ن. م. و زمری، ف. م. مطالعه مایکربیولوژیکی آب چاههای خیرخانه و وزیراکبر خان مینه با مقایسه آب نل، پوهنتون کابل، مجله دانش (شماره -2)، 1367؛ صص 127-135.
اسدی، ع. بررسی وضعیت بهداشت آب، آشامیدنی در منطقه 22 تهران، پایاننامه کارشناسی ارشد رشته دانشکده علوم بهداشت دام پزشکی تهران: 1382؛ صص 22-29 .
رضویلر، و. میکروبهای بیماریزا در مواد غذایی و اپیدمیولوژی مسمومیتهای غذایی. چاپ سوم، تهران: موسسه انتشارات و چاپ دانشگاه تهران، 1387؛ صص 84-95.
رفیعی، ر. بررسی وضعیت آلودگی آب آشامیدنی شهرستان اسلامشهر. پایان نامه کارشناسی، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه ارشد بهداشت عمومی دامپروی. تهران: 1379؛ ص-25.
مهدوی زاده خ. و مهرانگیز، ا. ش. واکنشهای بیوکیمیایی در مواد و محیطهای کشت میکروب شناسی غذایی. تهران: 1386؛ صص 52-69.
Abadias, M., Usall, J., Anguera, M., Solsona, C. and Viñas, I. Microbiological quality of fresh minimallyprocessed fruit and vegetables and sprouts from retail establishments. Int J Food Microbiol. 123(1-2), 2008; Pp 121-129.
Abougrain, A., K. Nahaisi, M., Nuri, S., M. Mohamed, M. and Ghenghesh, K. Parasitological contamination in salad vegetables in Tripoli-Libya. Food control, (21). 2010; Pp: 760-762.
APHA|AWWA|, wpcf. Standard Me That’s for the Examination of water and waste water , 20th edition, Washington D.C. 1998; P-201
Bitzan, M., Ludwig, K., Klemt, M., Konig, H., Buren, J. and Muller-Wiefel D., E. the role of Escherichia coli O157 infections in the classical (enteropathic) haemolytic uraemic syndrome: results of a Central European, multicentre study. Epidemiol Infect. 1993; Pp: 110: 96.
Brashears, M., Galyean M. E. coli O157:H7 in live cattle by 50 percent. 2002; Pp: 24: 36.
CDC. Multistate Outbraek of E. coli O157 Infection Michigan and Ohio. MMWR. 2008; P:33 Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/
Cowan, S., T. and Steel, K., J. Manual for the identification of medical bacteria. Cambridge University Press, New York. 1965; Pp:432-452.
Dontorou, C., Papadopoulou, C., Filioussis, G., Economou, V., Apostolou I., Zakkas, G., Salamoura, A., Kansouzidou A and Levidiotou S. Isolation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from foods in Greece. Int J Food Microbiol; 82(3): 2003; Pp: 273-9.
Ewing, W., H . Edwards and Ewing’s Identification of Enterobacteriacae, 4th ed. Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc., New York. 1986; Pp: 132-134.
Fröder, H., Martins C., G. De Souza, K., L. Landgraf, M., Franco B., D.and Destro M.,T. (2007). Minimally processed vegetable salads: microbial quality evaluation. J Food Prot; 70(5) Pp: 1277-1280.
Geneva, World Health Organizatio. Guidline for Drinking _Water quality,theird edition, Incorporating first and second Addenda, volume 1, Recommendations (ducumented on the internet). Available from. 2008; URL:http://www.who.int/water itation_health/dwq/gdwq3rev/en/index.html.
Gormley, F., J. Little C., L. Grant K., A. Pinna, E., McLauchlin, B. The microbiological safety of ready-to-eat specialty meats from markets and specialty food shops: A UK wide study with a focus on Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes. Food Microbiology; 27(4): 2010; Pp: 243-249.
He, L., M. Lu, J. and Shi, W. Variability of fecal indicator bacteria in flowing and ponded waters in southern California: implications for bacterial TMDL development and implementation, Water Res. 41 (14): 2007; Pp: 3132–3140.
(Haley BJ, Cole DJ, Lipp EK .Distribution Diversity and Seasonality of Waterborne Salmonellae in aRural Watershed .Applied and Environmental Microbiology;75(5): 2009; 1248–55.
Jonaidi, J., N. Ranjbar, R., Haghi, A., M. Abedini M. and Izadi M. the study of prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of tracheal bacterial strains isolated from pediatric patients.Pak J Biol Sci، 12 (5). 2009; Pp: 455-458.
Kargar, M., Heidary, S., Abbasian F., Shekarforoosh, S. Survey of prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility and verotoxin production of E.coli verotoxigenic (E.coli O157:H7) in raw milk of Jahrom cows. Iranian Journal of Infectious diseases and Tropical Medicine; 34. 2011; Pp: 7-11. (In Persian).
Li, L., B. Kaymak and Haas C., N. "Validation of Batch Disinfection Kinetics of Escherichia coli Inactivation by Monochloramine in a Continuous Flow System." Environmental Engineering Science, 22.(5): 2005; Pp: 567-577.
Meldrum, R., J. Little, C., L. Sagoo, S., Mithani, V., McLauchlin, J and de Pinna E. .Assessment of the microbiological safety of salad vegetables and sauces from kebab take-away restaurants in the United Kingdom. Food Microbiol., 26.(6): 2009; Pp: 573-7.
Osek, J. Development of a multiplex PCR approach for the identification of shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli strains and their major virulence factor genes. J Appl Microbiol, 95. 2003; Pp: 1217-25.
Oguntoke O, Aboderin OJ, Bankole AM .Association of water-borne diseases morbidity pattern andwater quality in parts of Ibadan City ,Nigeria .Tanzan J Health Res 009;11(4):189-95.
Ponniah, J., Robin, T., Paie, M., S. Radu S., Ghazali, F. and M. Kqueen, C., Y. et al. Listeria monocytogenes in raw salad vegetables sold at retail level in Malaysia. Food Control, 21. (5): 2010; Pp: 774-778.
Ranjbar, R., Sarshar, M. and Sadeghifard, N. Characterization of Genetic Diversity among Clinical Strains of Salmonella enterica Serovar Infantis by Ribotyping Method. Journal of Zanjan Medical School, 20.(81): 2012; Pp:75-84.
(28) Rosen, B., H. a. Waterborne Pathogens in Agricultural Watersheds USDA- NRCS,Watershed Science Institute, University of Vermo, Burlington., 2000; P:14http://www.wsi.nrcs.usda.gov/product s/nutrient.html.
Rosenberg, F., A. The microbiology of bottled water. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter, 25(6): 2003; Pp: 41-44
Rosenberger, K., P. A. Fries, S., S. Cloud and R., A. Wilson. In vitro and in vivo characterization of avian Escherichia coli. II. Factors associated with pathogenicity. Avian Diseases, 29. 1985; Pp: 1094- 1107.
Rowe, P., C. Orrbine E., Lior, H. Wells, G., A. and McLaine P., N. Diarrhoea in close contacts as a risk factor for childhood haemolytic uraemic syndrome. The CPKDRC co-investigators. Epidemiol Infect; 110. 1993; Pp:9-16.
Salvato, J., A. Nemerow N., L. and Agardy J. Environmental Engineering Sanitation “ Environmental Engineering and Sanitation” , Forth Edition, John Wiley & Sons. 1992; P:34.
Sherman, P., R. Soni, and M. Karmali. Attaching and effacing adherence of verocytotoxin- producing Escherichia coli to rabbit intestinal epithelium in vivo. Inf. Immun., 56. 1988; Pp: 756–761.
Solly, w., Prierce, B., Robert, R. and Howard, A., P. Estimated use of water in united statesin.Geotheological survey circular1081. 1993,
Strand, M. and. Merritt, R. W. Impacts of livestock grazing activities on stream insect. 1999; P:16.
USEPA. the quality of our nation’s water. Office of Water 305 (b), Report, Washington, DC. 1996; P:23.
WHO. World health organization, Diarrhoeal disease. 2011-2013; Available from http://www.who.int/ mediacentre /factsheets /fs330/en/.
WHO. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. 2nd ed. vol 1- Recommendations. Geneva: 1993; Pp231-214.
WHO. Guidelines for drinking-water quality.3rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2008; Pp:23-25.
WHO, World Health. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality,Third edition Incorporating 1stand 2nd Switzerland, 1. 2007; Pp:100-140.
WHO.World Health Organization, Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality,Third edition or porating 1st and 2nd Addenda, Recommendations, WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 1. 2008; Pp:140-146.
World Health Organization. Antimicrobial Resistance; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland,. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2011; P:758.
World Health Organization. Guidelines for recreational-water environment swimming pools space and similar recreational-water environment, Final Draft for Consultation. Geneva. 2002; Pp:101-112 .
World Health Organization. Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). World Health Organization.Drinking water quality guidelines training package. Geneva P. 2005.