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Abstract
Milk fever is one of the metabolic diseases that causes significant economic losses to farmers and the livestock industry annually. Despite its name, milk fever does not involve a fever. It results from a decrease in blood calcium levels during parturition or shortly thereafter, with the onset of lactation. Symptoms include no fever, sudden paralysis, loss of consciousness, and coma, and if left untreated, the condition can lead to death. Diagnosis is typically based on the clinical signs of the disease. The treatment of milk fever involves the administration of calcium supplements, especially calcium borogluconate, with intravenous injection being the fastest method. Various methods are used to prevent milk fever, but diet regulation is the most commonly used approach.
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References
- Braun U, Blatter M, Buchi R, Hassig M. Treatment of Cows with milk fever using intravenous and oral calcium and phosphorus. Schweiz Arch Tierheilk. 2012; 154, pp 382 - 383.
- Chiwome Bernard, Kandiwa Erick, Mushonga Borden, Sajeni Shepherd, Habarugira A. study of the incidence of milk fever in Jersey and Holstein cows at a dairy farm in beatrice, Zimbabwe. J of the South African Veterinary Association. 2017; p 4.
- Degaris Peter J, Lean Ian J, Milk fever in dairy cows: A review of pathophysiology and control principles. Bovine Research Australasia. 2007; 2570, pp 2 - 4.
- Engdawork Aweke. Milk Fever and Its Economical Impacts in Commercial Dairy Cattle Production. International j of Agriculture & Agribusiness. 2019; pp 1 - 2.
- Fikadu Wubishet, Tegegne Dechassa, Abdela Nejash, Ahmed Wahid M. Milk Fever and its Economic Conseguences in Dairy Cows: A Review. Global Veterinaria. 2016; 16 (5), pp 441 - 445
- Gobiraju S, Vasan P, Purushothaman M.R, Rajendran K, Senthilkumar S, Sakthivel P.C, et al. Dietary Cation - Anionic Balance (DCAB) To Prevent Milk Fever. International J of Science, Environmental and Technology. 2017; 6, pp 2283 - 2284.
- Hansen T Thilsing, Jargensen R J, Qstergaard S. Milk Fever Control Principles: Review. Acta Vet. Scand. 2002; 43, p 2.
- Haq Z, Khan N, Rastogi A, Sharma R.K, Amrutar S, Gupta M, et al. Nutrition and Metabolic diseases in Dairy Cattle. International J of Agriculture Sciences. 2016; 8, p 1157.
- Kocabagli Nese. Prevention of Milk Fever: A Herd Health Approach to Dairy Cow Nutrition. Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science. 2018, p 2.
- Liang Di. Estimating the Economic Losses from diseases and extended days open with a farm - level stochastic model. Theses and Dissertations - Animal and food. 2013, pp 29 - 30.
- Martin Adam. Treatment of milk fever in dairy cattle. The website for the veterinary profession. 2013, pp 2 - 3.
- Oetzel Garrett R. Calcium Chloride gel treatment of parturient dairy cows: effect on hypocalcemia and parturient diseases. J of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2015, pp 2 - 3.
- Patel V R, kansara J D, Patel B B, Patel P B, Patel S B. Prevention of Milk fever: Nutritional Approach. 2011, 4 (6), pp 278 - 279.
- Perween Shahla, Singh Asmita, Gupta Mokshata, Sahoo Jatin Kumar. An Update on Milk Fever and Its Economic Consequences. International J of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2018; 7, pp 3 - 5.
- Seif Hesam A, Kia Samuel. Subclinical Hypocalcemia in Dairy Cows: Pathophysiology, Consequences and Monitoring. University of Mashhad. 2018, 4, p 6.
- Sentikumar V, Mohamed Safiullah A, Kathiravan G, Subramanian M, Mani K. Economic Analysis of Metabolic Diseases in Bovines. International J of Advanced Veterinary Science and Technology. 2013, 2, pp 1 - 3.
- Thirunavukkarasu A, Kathiravan G, Kalaikannan A, Jebarani W. Quantifying Economic Losses due to Milk Fever in Dairy Farms. Agricultural Economics Research Review. 2010, 23, p 79.
- Littledike E. T, Young J W, Beitz D C. Common Metabolic Diseases of Cattle: Ketosis, milk Fever, Grass Tetany, and Downer Cow Complex. J of Dairy Science. 1981, 64, pp 4 - 5.
- Zaidi Syed Ahad Raza. Use of Preventive measures against milk fever in Punjab, Pakistan. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 2, pp 4 - 6.
References
Braun U, Blatter M, Buchi R, Hassig M. Treatment of Cows with milk fever using intravenous and oral calcium and phosphorus. Schweiz Arch Tierheilk. 2012; 154, pp 382 - 383.
Chiwome Bernard, Kandiwa Erick, Mushonga Borden, Sajeni Shepherd, Habarugira A. study of the incidence of milk fever in Jersey and Holstein cows at a dairy farm in beatrice, Zimbabwe. J of the South African Veterinary Association. 2017; p 4.
Degaris Peter J, Lean Ian J, Milk fever in dairy cows: A review of pathophysiology and control principles. Bovine Research Australasia. 2007; 2570, pp 2 - 4.
Engdawork Aweke. Milk Fever and Its Economical Impacts in Commercial Dairy Cattle Production. International j of Agriculture & Agribusiness. 2019; pp 1 - 2.
Fikadu Wubishet, Tegegne Dechassa, Abdela Nejash, Ahmed Wahid M. Milk Fever and its Economic Conseguences in Dairy Cows: A Review. Global Veterinaria. 2016; 16 (5), pp 441 - 445
Gobiraju S, Vasan P, Purushothaman M.R, Rajendran K, Senthilkumar S, Sakthivel P.C, et al. Dietary Cation - Anionic Balance (DCAB) To Prevent Milk Fever. International J of Science, Environmental and Technology. 2017; 6, pp 2283 - 2284.
Hansen T Thilsing, Jargensen R J, Qstergaard S. Milk Fever Control Principles: Review. Acta Vet. Scand. 2002; 43, p 2.
Haq Z, Khan N, Rastogi A, Sharma R.K, Amrutar S, Gupta M, et al. Nutrition and Metabolic diseases in Dairy Cattle. International J of Agriculture Sciences. 2016; 8, p 1157.
Kocabagli Nese. Prevention of Milk Fever: A Herd Health Approach to Dairy Cow Nutrition. Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science. 2018, p 2.
Liang Di. Estimating the Economic Losses from diseases and extended days open with a farm - level stochastic model. Theses and Dissertations - Animal and food. 2013, pp 29 - 30.
Martin Adam. Treatment of milk fever in dairy cattle. The website for the veterinary profession. 2013, pp 2 - 3.
Oetzel Garrett R. Calcium Chloride gel treatment of parturient dairy cows: effect on hypocalcemia and parturient diseases. J of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2015, pp 2 - 3.
Patel V R, kansara J D, Patel B B, Patel P B, Patel S B. Prevention of Milk fever: Nutritional Approach. 2011, 4 (6), pp 278 - 279.
Perween Shahla, Singh Asmita, Gupta Mokshata, Sahoo Jatin Kumar. An Update on Milk Fever and Its Economic Consequences. International J of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2018; 7, pp 3 - 5.
Seif Hesam A, Kia Samuel. Subclinical Hypocalcemia in Dairy Cows: Pathophysiology, Consequences and Monitoring. University of Mashhad. 2018, 4, p 6.
Sentikumar V, Mohamed Safiullah A, Kathiravan G, Subramanian M, Mani K. Economic Analysis of Metabolic Diseases in Bovines. International J of Advanced Veterinary Science and Technology. 2013, 2, pp 1 - 3.
Thirunavukkarasu A, Kathiravan G, Kalaikannan A, Jebarani W. Quantifying Economic Losses due to Milk Fever in Dairy Farms. Agricultural Economics Research Review. 2010, 23, p 79.
Littledike E. T, Young J W, Beitz D C. Common Metabolic Diseases of Cattle: Ketosis, milk Fever, Grass Tetany, and Downer Cow Complex. J of Dairy Science. 1981, 64, pp 4 - 5.
Zaidi Syed Ahad Raza. Use of Preventive measures against milk fever in Punjab, Pakistan. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. 2016, 2, pp 4 - 6.