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Abstract
Aflatoxins are a form of mycotoxins that cause aflatoxicosis in both domestic animals and humans. These toxins are both teratogenic and carcinogenic. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1, which is produced in the liver of animals and can be excreted in milk and meat. The aim of this study was to systematically review previous studies on aflatoxin contamination in animal-derived products. This systematic review included all published research examining the side effects of aflatoxin excreted from animal-origin products. The studies reveal that 100% of pasteurized milk samples, animals, and humans were contaminated with AFM1, at varying levels of contamination.
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References
- Abou-Bakr S. Effect of some plant extracts on fungal and aflatoxin production. International Journal of Academic Research 2011 Jul; 3 (4), p 11.
- Aspergillus rambellii sp. Nov. Syst Appl Microbiol Jul; 28 (5). Pp 44-53.
- Bhat RV, Vasanthi S. Mycotoxin food safety risk in developing countries. In: Unnevehr LJ, editors. Food Safety in food security and food trade. 2020 vision, Focus 10. Washington DC, USA: International Ford Policy Research Institute; 2003 Sep. Brief 3.
- Bhatnagar D, Cary JW, Ehrlich K, Yu J, Cleveland TE. (2006). Understanding the genetics of regulation of aflatoxin production and Aspergillus flavus development. Mycopathologia, 162, pp155-166.
- Bu R, Sathiapalan RK, Ibrahim MM, Al-Mohsen I, Almodavar E, Gutierrez MI, Bhatia K. (2005). Monochrome Light Cycler PCR assay for detection and quantification of five common species of Candida and Aspergillus. J Med Microbiol 54, pp 243-248.
- Chakrabarti A, Jatana M, Sharma SC. (1997). Rabbit as an animal model of paranasal sinus mycoses. J Med Vet Mycol 35, pp 295-297.
- Chan D, MacDonald S, Boughtflower V, Brereton P. (2004). Simultaneous determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in food using a fully automated immunoaffinity column clean-up and liquid chromatography fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 1059, pp 13-16.
- Choudhury MR, Sarma DK, Rahman T. (1998). Immunosuppressive effect of aflatoxin on pigs against swine fever virus vaccination. Indian J Comp Microbiol Immunol Infect Dis 19, p 132.
- Code of practice for the reduction of aflatoxin B1 in raw materials and supplemental feedingstuffs for milk produsing animals. CAC/RCP, pp 45-1997
- Cotty P. (1989). Virulence and cultural characteristics of two Aspergillus flavus strains pathogenic on cotton.Phytopathology 79, pp 808-814.
- Daly SJ, Keating GJ, Dillon PP, Manning BM, O’Kennedy R, Lee HA, Morgon MRA. (2000). Development of surface plasmon resonance-based immunoassay for aflatoxin B1. J Agric Food Chem 48, pp 5097-5104.
- De Lucca AJ. (2000). Antifungal peptides: potential candidates for the treatment of fungal infections. Exp Opin Invest Drugs 9, pp 273-299.
- Dendis M, Horvath R, Michalek J, Ruzicka F, et al. (2003). PCR-RFLP detection and species identification of fungal pathogens in patients with febrile neutropenia. Clin Microbiol Infect 9, pp 1191-1202.
- Diaz-Guerra TM, Mellado E, Cuenca-Estrella M, Gaztelurrutia L, Navarro JIV, Tudela JLR. (2000). Genetic similarity among one Aspergillus flavus strain isolated from a patient who underwent heart surgery and two environmental strains obtained from the operating room. J Clin Microbiol 38, pp 2419–2422.
- Dorner JW. (2008). Management and prevention of mycotoxins in peanuts. Food Addit Contam 25, pp 203-208.
- Eaton DL, Groopman JD. (1994). the Toxicology of Aflatoxins: Human Health, Veterinary, and Agricultural Significance. London: Academic Press, pp 1-26.
- Frisvad JC, Skouboe P, Samson RA. (2005). Taxonomic comparison of three different groups of aflatoxin producers and a new efficient producer of aflatoxin B1, sterigmatocystin and 3-Omethylsterigmatocystin, Aspergillus rambellii sp. Nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 28, pp 442-453.
- Frisvad JC, Skouboe P, Samson RA. )2005(. Taxonomic comparison of three different groups of aflatoxin producers and a new efficient producer of aflatoxin B1,sterigmatocystin and 3-Omethylsterigmatocystin,
- Heinemann S, Symoens F, Gordts B, Jannes H, Nolard N. (2004). Environmental investigations and molecular typing of Aspergillus flavus during an outbreak of postoperative infections. J Hosp Infect 57, pp 149-155.
- Jodie A. (2008(. Aflatoxin M1 in Milk; Agriculture and Natural Resources. University of Arkansas, United States Department of Agriculture, and County Governments Cooperating. FSA 4018 9. Yakhdani H. Aflatoxin and food security of pistachio. Iran: Pistachio Research Institute of Iran: 2-3 [In Persian]
- Joint FAO/WHO food standards programme. Codex committee on food additives and contaminants. Thirty-third session. 2001 Mar 12-16; The Netherlands
- Klich MA. (2007). Environmental and developmental factors influencing aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Mycoscience 48.
- Lee SE, Mahoney NE, Campbell BC. (2002). Inhibition of aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis by piperlongumine isolated from Piper longum L. J Microbiol Biotechnol 12, pp 679-682.
- Mahmoudi R, Norian R, Katiraee F, Pajohi Alamoti MR. (2013). Total aflatoxin contamination of maize produced in different regions of Qazvin-Iran. IFRJ; 20 (5)
- [Nagasawa H, Sakuda S. (2007). Dioctatin A is a strong inhibitor of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus. Microbiology 153, pp2774-2780
- Nakajima M, Tabata S, Akiyama H, et al. )2004(. Occurece of aflatoxin M1 in domestic milk in Japan during the winter season. Food Addit Contam May; 21 (5).
- Price MS, Conners SB, Tachdjian S, Kelly RM, Payne GA. (2005). Aflatoxin conducive and non-conducive growth conditions reveal new gene associations with aflatoxin production. Fungal Genet Biol 42, pp 506-518.
- Roze LV, Beaudry RM, Keller NP, Linz JE. (2004). Regulation of aflatoxin synthesis by FadA/cAMP/protein kinase A. signaling in Aspergillus parasiticus. Mycopathologia 158, pp 219-232.
- Weissinger A, Wu M, Cleveland TE. (2003). Expression in transgenic peanut of maize RIP1, a protein with activity against Aspergillus spp. Proceedings of the USDA-ARS Aflatoxin Elimination Workshop, p 100.
- Wu F. (2006). Mycotoxin reduction in BT corn: potential economic, health and requlatory impacts. Transgenic Res15, pp 277-289.
- Yu J, Cleveland TE, Nierman WC, Bennett, JW. (2005). Aspergillus flavus genomics: gateway to human and animal health, food safety, and crop resistance to diseases. Rev Iberoam Micol 22, pp 194–202.
References
Abou-Bakr S. Effect of some plant extracts on fungal and aflatoxin production. International Journal of Academic Research 2011 Jul; 3 (4), p 11.
Aspergillus rambellii sp. Nov. Syst Appl Microbiol Jul; 28 (5). Pp 44-53.
Bhat RV, Vasanthi S. Mycotoxin food safety risk in developing countries. In: Unnevehr LJ, editors. Food Safety in food security and food trade. 2020 vision, Focus 10. Washington DC, USA: International Ford Policy Research Institute; 2003 Sep. Brief 3.
Bhatnagar D, Cary JW, Ehrlich K, Yu J, Cleveland TE. (2006). Understanding the genetics of regulation of aflatoxin production and Aspergillus flavus development. Mycopathologia, 162, pp155-166.
Bu R, Sathiapalan RK, Ibrahim MM, Al-Mohsen I, Almodavar E, Gutierrez MI, Bhatia K. (2005). Monochrome Light Cycler PCR assay for detection and quantification of five common species of Candida and Aspergillus. J Med Microbiol 54, pp 243-248.
Chakrabarti A, Jatana M, Sharma SC. (1997). Rabbit as an animal model of paranasal sinus mycoses. J Med Vet Mycol 35, pp 295-297.
Chan D, MacDonald S, Boughtflower V, Brereton P. (2004). Simultaneous determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in food using a fully automated immunoaffinity column clean-up and liquid chromatography fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 1059, pp 13-16.
Choudhury MR, Sarma DK, Rahman T. (1998). Immunosuppressive effect of aflatoxin on pigs against swine fever virus vaccination. Indian J Comp Microbiol Immunol Infect Dis 19, p 132.
Code of practice for the reduction of aflatoxin B1 in raw materials and supplemental feedingstuffs for milk produsing animals. CAC/RCP, pp 45-1997
Cotty P. (1989). Virulence and cultural characteristics of two Aspergillus flavus strains pathogenic on cotton.Phytopathology 79, pp 808-814.
Daly SJ, Keating GJ, Dillon PP, Manning BM, O’Kennedy R, Lee HA, Morgon MRA. (2000). Development of surface plasmon resonance-based immunoassay for aflatoxin B1. J Agric Food Chem 48, pp 5097-5104.
De Lucca AJ. (2000). Antifungal peptides: potential candidates for the treatment of fungal infections. Exp Opin Invest Drugs 9, pp 273-299.
Dendis M, Horvath R, Michalek J, Ruzicka F, et al. (2003). PCR-RFLP detection and species identification of fungal pathogens in patients with febrile neutropenia. Clin Microbiol Infect 9, pp 1191-1202.
Diaz-Guerra TM, Mellado E, Cuenca-Estrella M, Gaztelurrutia L, Navarro JIV, Tudela JLR. (2000). Genetic similarity among one Aspergillus flavus strain isolated from a patient who underwent heart surgery and two environmental strains obtained from the operating room. J Clin Microbiol 38, pp 2419–2422.
Dorner JW. (2008). Management and prevention of mycotoxins in peanuts. Food Addit Contam 25, pp 203-208.
Eaton DL, Groopman JD. (1994). the Toxicology of Aflatoxins: Human Health, Veterinary, and Agricultural Significance. London: Academic Press, pp 1-26.
Frisvad JC, Skouboe P, Samson RA. (2005). Taxonomic comparison of three different groups of aflatoxin producers and a new efficient producer of aflatoxin B1, sterigmatocystin and 3-Omethylsterigmatocystin, Aspergillus rambellii sp. Nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 28, pp 442-453.
Frisvad JC, Skouboe P, Samson RA. )2005(. Taxonomic comparison of three different groups of aflatoxin producers and a new efficient producer of aflatoxin B1,sterigmatocystin and 3-Omethylsterigmatocystin,
Heinemann S, Symoens F, Gordts B, Jannes H, Nolard N. (2004). Environmental investigations and molecular typing of Aspergillus flavus during an outbreak of postoperative infections. J Hosp Infect 57, pp 149-155.
Jodie A. (2008(. Aflatoxin M1 in Milk; Agriculture and Natural Resources. University of Arkansas, United States Department of Agriculture, and County Governments Cooperating. FSA 4018 9. Yakhdani H. Aflatoxin and food security of pistachio. Iran: Pistachio Research Institute of Iran: 2-3 [In Persian]
Joint FAO/WHO food standards programme. Codex committee on food additives and contaminants. Thirty-third session. 2001 Mar 12-16; The Netherlands
Klich MA. (2007). Environmental and developmental factors influencing aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Mycoscience 48.
Lee SE, Mahoney NE, Campbell BC. (2002). Inhibition of aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis by piperlongumine isolated from Piper longum L. J Microbiol Biotechnol 12, pp 679-682.
Mahmoudi R, Norian R, Katiraee F, Pajohi Alamoti MR. (2013). Total aflatoxin contamination of maize produced in different regions of Qazvin-Iran. IFRJ; 20 (5)
[Nagasawa H, Sakuda S. (2007). Dioctatin A is a strong inhibitor of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus. Microbiology 153, pp2774-2780
Nakajima M, Tabata S, Akiyama H, et al. )2004(. Occurece of aflatoxin M1 in domestic milk in Japan during the winter season. Food Addit Contam May; 21 (5).
Price MS, Conners SB, Tachdjian S, Kelly RM, Payne GA. (2005). Aflatoxin conducive and non-conducive growth conditions reveal new gene associations with aflatoxin production. Fungal Genet Biol 42, pp 506-518.
Roze LV, Beaudry RM, Keller NP, Linz JE. (2004). Regulation of aflatoxin synthesis by FadA/cAMP/protein kinase A. signaling in Aspergillus parasiticus. Mycopathologia 158, pp 219-232.
Weissinger A, Wu M, Cleveland TE. (2003). Expression in transgenic peanut of maize RIP1, a protein with activity against Aspergillus spp. Proceedings of the USDA-ARS Aflatoxin Elimination Workshop, p 100.
Wu F. (2006). Mycotoxin reduction in BT corn: potential economic, health and requlatory impacts. Transgenic Res15, pp 277-289.
Yu J, Cleveland TE, Nierman WC, Bennett, JW. (2005). Aspergillus flavus genomics: gateway to human and animal health, food safety, and crop resistance to diseases. Rev Iberoam Micol 22, pp 194–202.