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Abstract
This article examines the impacts of climate change on Afghanistan, the causes of these changes, and their potential consequences. Due to its geographical location and economic limitations, Afghanistan is considered one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change. Rising temperatures, decreased precipitation, glacier melting, and prolonged droughts have significantly affected agriculture, water resources, food security, and ecosystem stability. Predictions indicate that if greenhouse gas emissions continue, Afghanistan's annual temperature could rise by approximately 6.4°C by 2100, leading to severe environmental and economic crises. These changes will result in reduced agricultural production, declining water resources, increased internal climate migration, and worsening food security. The article emphasizes the need for adaptation, effective resource management, and international cooperation to mitigate these challenges while proposing actionable solutions.
Keywords: Climate change, Afghanistan, water resources, agriculture, global warming, food security, glaciers, biodiversity, drought.
Keywords
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References
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References
Aich, V. &. (2016). Afghanistan: Climate Change Science Perspectives. Kabul: National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA) and UN Environment. Retrieved from https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/afghanistan-climate-change-science-perspectives
Aich, V. A. (2017). Climate change in Afghanistan deduced from reanalysis and coordinated regional climate downscaling experiment (CORDEX)—South Asia simulations. Climate, 5(2), 38. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/cli5020038,
Azizi, M. I. (2024). Impacts of Climate Change in Afghanistan and an Overview of Sustainable Development Efforts. European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, 2(4), 495-516. doi: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4973-8364
C. Donald Ahrens, R. H. (2019). Meteorology Today: An Introduction to Weather, Climate and the Environment. Cengage Learning; 12th edition (January 9, 2018).
Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (H.-O. Pörtner, D. R. (2022). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Cambridge University Press. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844
Geography, N. (2023). Atmosphere. Retrieved from https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/atmosphere/
Hossain, A. K. (2020). Agricultural land degradation: processes and problems undermining future food security. Springer International Publishing, 17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49732-3_2
Jacobs, M. J. (2015). Dryland agriculture and rangeland restoration priorities in Afghanistan. Journal of Arid Land, 7, 391-402. doi:http://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-015-0002-7
Jones, S. (2020). In Afghanistan, climate change complicates future prospects for peace. Retrieved from www.nationalgeographic.com
Kabir, M. H. (2023). Climate Change due to increasing concentration of carbon dioxide and its impacts on environment in 21st century; a mini review. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 35(5), 102693. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2023.102693
Khaliq, A. J. (2018). The role of agriculture in the economy of Afghanistan. researchgate.net. Retrieved from www.researchgate.net
Khan, K. A. (2022). A Study on greenhouse gas. IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396, 17. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359067908_A_study_on_greenhouse_gas
Kurnia, S. &. (2022). The Implication of UNHCR in Addressing the Problem of Afghan Refugees Against Global Security Stability. TRANSBORDERS: International Relations Journal, 14-31. Retrieved from https://journal.unpas.ac.id/index.php/transborders/article/view/4784
Lenssen, N. a. (2019). Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 6307--6326. doi:10.1029/2018JD029522
Maljean-Dubois, S. &. (2017). Climate change and biodiversity. Biodiversity and Nature Protection Law.
Maljean-Dubois, S. &. (2017). Climate change and biodiversity. Biodiversity and Nature Protection Law. doi:http://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-015-0002-7
Masson-Delmotte, V. Z. (2021). Climate change 2021: the physical science basis. Cambridge and New York: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. doi:10.1017/9781009157896.
Mehrad, A. T. (2020). Assessment of climate change impacts on environmental sustainability in Afghanistan. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 208, p. 01001). EDP Sciences. doi:https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020801001
Melgar-Quiñonez, H. (2023). The Complex Relationship Between Food Insecurity and Malnutrition. In Human Growth and Nutrition in Latin American and Caribbean Countries. Springer International Publishing., 37-60. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27848-8_2
Nabavi, S. A. (2024). CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER CRISIS IN AFGHANISTAN. American International Journal of Social Science Research, 15(1), 1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.46281/aijssr.v15i1.2199
Qutbudin, I. S.-A. (2019). Seasonal drought pattern changes due to climate variability: Case study in Afghanistan. Water, 11(5), 1096. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/w11051096
Rocha, L. A. (2021). The Covid-19 pandemic and its impact on the performance of firms: an analysis based on world bank microdata. The Journal of Developing Areas, 55(3)., 411-433. doi:https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2021.0072,
Safi, L. M. (2024). Climate change impacts and threats on basic livelihood resources, food security and social stability in Afghanistan. GeoJournal, 89(2), 85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-024-11077-8
Savage, M. D. (2009). Socio-economic impacts of climate change in Afghanistan. Stockholm Environment Institute. Retrieved from academia.edu
World Bank Group, A. D. (2021). CLIMATE RISK COUNTRY PROFILE: Afghanistan. Philippines: Climate Change Knowledge Portal (CCKP). Retrieved from https://www.adb.org/publications/climate-risk-country-profile-afghanistan
Zhang, F. D. (2022). Quantitative mapping of the brain’s structural connectivity using diffusion MRI tractography: A review. Neuroimage, 249, 118870. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118870,