Main Article Content
Abstract
Afghanistan is an agricultural country, with a large portion of its population employed in agriculture and livestock industries. Livestock and veterinary services play critical roles in rural development, employment, and poverty reduction in Afghanistan. Despite having 35 million people and millions of animals and poultry, veterinary services are insufficient and cannot meet the basic needs of society. As a result, both infectious and non-infectious diseases continuously threaten animal life and production, directly and indirectly impacting the livelihood and economy of low-income rural families, many of whom rely heavily on their animals and animal products for income. This article discusses the role of livestock and veterinary services in employment generation and poverty reduction.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2024 Reserved for Kabul University.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
- ایوبی، ن. (1380). نقش طبابت وترنری در صحت عامه، ضرورت ها و امکانات برای بازسازی صحت حیوانی و مالداری در افغانستان. دستآوردهای نخستین سمپوزیم تخنیکی وترنری کمیته هالند برای افغانستان، ص4 - 14.
- مبینی، س م، کوری ب، امیر د م، و همکاران. (2008). کتاب تشریحی امراض ساری حیوانات در افغانستان، ترجمۀ نورمحمد ایوبی، گروپ نشراتی بوکا، آی، ان، سی، پوهنتون ایالتی فورت والی، صص 3، 61، 159، 240.
- Fejzi N. and Šeri-Harai S. predicting the role of veterinary medicine in future health and food safety challenges. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 2017; 85 012004.
- Holden S. The economics of the delivery of veterinary Services, Rev. sci. tech. off. Int. Epiz, 1999; 18 (2): 425-439.
- CSO. 2017-2018 Statistical years book of Afghanistan, 2018; Retrieved from: http://cso.gov.af/en/page/1500/4722/1396
- MPI. Afghanistan, migration polity institute, 2018; https://www.migrationpolicy. org/country-resource/afghanistan
- Todd CS, Mansoor GF, Buhler C, Rahimi H, Zekria R, Fernandez S, Mikhail AF, Scott PT, Yingst SL. Prevalence of Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Infections Among Afghan National Army Recruits in Afghanistan, Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2016; 16 (8):
- Mustafa ML, Ayazi E, Mohareb E, Sam Yingst S, et al. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Afghanistan, 2009, Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2011; 17(10): pp 1940 - 1941.
- WHO. Upsurge of CCHF cases in Afghanistan, Weekly Epidemiological Monitor, 2018; 11 (26), 01, July 2018, ISSN 2224-4220, Retrieved from: https://reliefweb. int/sites/reliefweb.int / files/resources / Epi_Monitor – 2018 -11-26. pdf [accessed Dec 2019].
- FAO. World Food and Agriculture-Statistical Pocketbook 2018. Rome. 254, Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- FAO/MAIL. Afghanistan national livestock census 2002-2003, OSRO/AFG/212/ AFG final report, 2008; food and agriculture organization of the united nations, ROME.
- World Bank. Minding the stock: Bringing public policy to bear on livestock policy. Washington DC: World Bank, 2009; http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3043
- Pradère JP. Improving animal health and livestock productivity to reduce poverty. Revue scientifique et technique (OIE) 2014; 33 (3), 735-744. http://web.oie.int/ boutique/extrait/0418092014000 42frpradere735744.pdf
- DeHaan C. Prospects for Livestock-Based Livelihoods in Africa’s Drylands. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0836-4
- Salmon G. Livestock and economy. Does the livestock sector make up 40% of total agricultural GDP globally? LD4D Livestock Fact Check 2. Edinburgh: Supporting Evidence Based Interventions project, 2018; University of Edinburgh. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30115
- FAO. World Livestock 2011: Livestock in food security. Rome: FAO.http:// www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2373e/i2373e.pdf
- Roesel K and Grace D. Food safety and informal markets: Animal products in sub-Saharan Africa, 2014; London, UK: Routledge.http://hdl.handle.net/ 10568/42438
- Herrero M, DiMayberry D, van de Steeg J, Phelan D, Ash,A, Diyezee K, et al. Understanding Livestock Yield Gaps for Poverty Alleviation, Food Security and the Environment. The LivesGAPS Project - final report, 2016; Brisbane: CSIRO.
- OECD and FAO. OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2016-2025. Paris, 2016: OECD. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/agr_outlook-2016-en
- Yameogo ND, Nabassaga T, Ncube M. Diversification and sophistication of livestock products: The case of African countries. Food Polic, y 2014; 49(2): 398-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.10.005.
- Upton M. The role of livestock in the economic development and poverty reduction, FAO, PPLPI Working Papers No 10; 2004.
- Chakraborty S, Kumar A, Tiwari T, Rahal A, Malik Y, Dhama K, Pal A and Prasad M. Advances in Diagnosis of Respiratory Diseases of Small Ruminants, Veterinary Medicine International, Volume 2014, Article ID 508304, 16 pages.
- FAO. Improved animal health for poverty reduction and sustainable livelihoods, Animal Production and Health Division, FAO Agriculture Department, FAO animal production and health paper 153, 2002; ISBN 92-5-104757-X, Rome.
- Shakespeare M. Zoonoses, 2nd edition, RPS, Pharmaceutical Press, 2009; London, UK, PP 1-25.
- Asokan GV, Asokan V and Tharyan P. One health national program across species on zoonoses: a call to the developing world, Infection ecology and Epidemiology, 2011; 1, P. 8293. DOI: 10.3402/iee.v1i0.8293.
- Seimenis MA. The spread of zoonoses and other infectious diseases through the international trade of animals and animals products, Veterinaria Italiana, 2008; 44(4), PP 591-599.
- FAO. A mechanism for the exchange of official information and food safety and plant health. In Proc. FAO/World Health Organization (WHO) Pan-European Conference on food safety and quality, 25-28 February 2002, Budapest, FAO, Rome.
- Uduak A. A Review on Bovine Tuberculosis, J. Vet Adv., 2015; 5 (3): pp 841-847.
- Butler A, Lobley M and Winter M. Economic Impact Assessment of Bovine Tuberculosis in the South West of England, 2010; CRPR Research Paper No 30.
- Kwaghe AV, Ameh, AJ, Ambali AG, et al. Prevalence and Economic Losses from Bovine Tuberculosis in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria, International Journal of Life Sciences, 2015; 4 (4): pp 283-287.
- Cousins DV. Mycobacterium bovis infection and control in domestic livestock, Rev. Sci. tech. off. Int. Epiz. 2001; 20 (1): pp 71-85.
- CDC. Mycobacterium bovis (bovine tuberculosis) in humans. 2011; CDC Fact Sheet. Atlanta, Georgia, USA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
- Cosivi O, Grange JM, Daborn, et al. Zoonotic tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in developing countries. Emerg. Inf. Dis., 1998; 4 (1): pp 59-70.
- Grange JM. Mycobacterium bovis infection in human beings. Tuberculosis, 2001; 81(1-2): pp71-77.
- Rahman MM and Samad MA. Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and its effects on milk production in Red Chittagong cattle, Bangl. J. Vet. Med., 2008; 6 (2): pp 175-178.
- Holecek DF and Bristor TF. The economic impact of bovine TB on the tourism industry in northeast Michigan, MTTRC, Michigan University, 2003; pp 1-6.
- ILRI. Reducing the impact of infectious diseases on village poultry production in Ethiopia, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, University of Liverpool, 2013. Retrieved 24 Aug, 2015 from http://www.ilri.org/Reducing the Impact of Infectious Diseases.
- CIWF. Compassion in World Farming - Poultry", 2011; http://www.ciwf.com/ farm -animals/chickens/. Retrieved August 26, 2011
- Hancock J. Assessment of likely impacts of avian influenza on rural poverty reduction in Asia: Responses, impacts and recommendations for IFAD strategy, Asia and the Pacific Service Investment Centre Division, FAO, 2008; pp 27- 33.
- Otte MJ and Chilonda P. Animal Health Economics: An Introduction. Livestock Information, 2000; Sector Analysis and Policy Branch, Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), FAO, Rome, Italy. Accessed on 07/30/2007 ftp://ftp.fao.org docrep/fao/010/ag275e/ag275e.pdf
- Bennett R. The ‘Direct Costs’ of Livestock Disease: The Development of a System of Models for the Analysis of 30 Endemic Livestock Diseases in Great Britain. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2003; 54 (1): pp 55-71.
- FAO. The vulnerability of mountain environments and mountain people, 2002; pp 1-7. Avialable at: http//www.fao.org/docrep/005/y7352e
- Pritchett J, Thilmany D and Johnson K. Animal Disease Economic Impacts: A Survey of Literature and Typology of Research Approaches. International Food and Management Review 2005; 8 (1).
- FAO. Livestock policies and poverty reduction in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Pro-poor livestock policy initiative policy brief, 2005; Rome, Italy, pp 1-8.
- Rushton J. The economics of animal health and production, CABI, USA, 2009; pp 16 - 20, 199 - 255.
- Biggs PM. The world of poultry disease. Avian Pathology, 1982; 11, pp 281-300.
References
ایوبی، ن. (1380). نقش طبابت وترنری در صحت عامه، ضرورت ها و امکانات برای بازسازی صحت حیوانی و مالداری در افغانستان. دستآوردهای نخستین سمپوزیم تخنیکی وترنری کمیته هالند برای افغانستان، ص4 - 14.
مبینی، س م، کوری ب، امیر د م، و همکاران. (2008). کتاب تشریحی امراض ساری حیوانات در افغانستان، ترجمۀ نورمحمد ایوبی، گروپ نشراتی بوکا، آی، ان، سی، پوهنتون ایالتی فورت والی، صص 3، 61، 159، 240.
Fejzi N. and Šeri-Harai S. predicting the role of veterinary medicine in future health and food safety challenges. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 2017; 85 012004.
Holden S. The economics of the delivery of veterinary Services, Rev. sci. tech. off. Int. Epiz, 1999; 18 (2): 425-439.
CSO. 2017-2018 Statistical years book of Afghanistan, 2018; Retrieved from: http://cso.gov.af/en/page/1500/4722/1396
MPI. Afghanistan, migration polity institute, 2018; https://www.migrationpolicy. org/country-resource/afghanistan
Todd CS, Mansoor GF, Buhler C, Rahimi H, Zekria R, Fernandez S, Mikhail AF, Scott PT, Yingst SL. Prevalence of Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Infections Among Afghan National Army Recruits in Afghanistan, Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2016; 16 (8):
Mustafa ML, Ayazi E, Mohareb E, Sam Yingst S, et al. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Afghanistan, 2009, Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2011; 17(10): pp 1940 - 1941.
WHO. Upsurge of CCHF cases in Afghanistan, Weekly Epidemiological Monitor, 2018; 11 (26), 01, July 2018, ISSN 2224-4220, Retrieved from: https://reliefweb. int/sites/reliefweb.int / files/resources / Epi_Monitor – 2018 -11-26. pdf [accessed Dec 2019].
FAO. World Food and Agriculture-Statistical Pocketbook 2018. Rome. 254, Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
FAO/MAIL. Afghanistan national livestock census 2002-2003, OSRO/AFG/212/ AFG final report, 2008; food and agriculture organization of the united nations, ROME.
World Bank. Minding the stock: Bringing public policy to bear on livestock policy. Washington DC: World Bank, 2009; http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3043
Pradère JP. Improving animal health and livestock productivity to reduce poverty. Revue scientifique et technique (OIE) 2014; 33 (3), 735-744. http://web.oie.int/ boutique/extrait/0418092014000 42frpradere735744.pdf
DeHaan C. Prospects for Livestock-Based Livelihoods in Africa’s Drylands. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0836-4
Salmon G. Livestock and economy. Does the livestock sector make up 40% of total agricultural GDP globally? LD4D Livestock Fact Check 2. Edinburgh: Supporting Evidence Based Interventions project, 2018; University of Edinburgh. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30115
FAO. World Livestock 2011: Livestock in food security. Rome: FAO.http:// www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2373e/i2373e.pdf
Roesel K and Grace D. Food safety and informal markets: Animal products in sub-Saharan Africa, 2014; London, UK: Routledge.http://hdl.handle.net/ 10568/42438
Herrero M, DiMayberry D, van de Steeg J, Phelan D, Ash,A, Diyezee K, et al. Understanding Livestock Yield Gaps for Poverty Alleviation, Food Security and the Environment. The LivesGAPS Project - final report, 2016; Brisbane: CSIRO.
OECD and FAO. OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2016-2025. Paris, 2016: OECD. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/agr_outlook-2016-en
Yameogo ND, Nabassaga T, Ncube M. Diversification and sophistication of livestock products: The case of African countries. Food Polic, y 2014; 49(2): 398-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.10.005.
Upton M. The role of livestock in the economic development and poverty reduction, FAO, PPLPI Working Papers No 10; 2004.
Chakraborty S, Kumar A, Tiwari T, Rahal A, Malik Y, Dhama K, Pal A and Prasad M. Advances in Diagnosis of Respiratory Diseases of Small Ruminants, Veterinary Medicine International, Volume 2014, Article ID 508304, 16 pages.
FAO. Improved animal health for poverty reduction and sustainable livelihoods, Animal Production and Health Division, FAO Agriculture Department, FAO animal production and health paper 153, 2002; ISBN 92-5-104757-X, Rome.
Shakespeare M. Zoonoses, 2nd edition, RPS, Pharmaceutical Press, 2009; London, UK, PP 1-25.
Asokan GV, Asokan V and Tharyan P. One health national program across species on zoonoses: a call to the developing world, Infection ecology and Epidemiology, 2011; 1, P. 8293. DOI: 10.3402/iee.v1i0.8293.
Seimenis MA. The spread of zoonoses and other infectious diseases through the international trade of animals and animals products, Veterinaria Italiana, 2008; 44(4), PP 591-599.
FAO. A mechanism for the exchange of official information and food safety and plant health. In Proc. FAO/World Health Organization (WHO) Pan-European Conference on food safety and quality, 25-28 February 2002, Budapest, FAO, Rome.
Uduak A. A Review on Bovine Tuberculosis, J. Vet Adv., 2015; 5 (3): pp 841-847.
Butler A, Lobley M and Winter M. Economic Impact Assessment of Bovine Tuberculosis in the South West of England, 2010; CRPR Research Paper No 30.
Kwaghe AV, Ameh, AJ, Ambali AG, et al. Prevalence and Economic Losses from Bovine Tuberculosis in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria, International Journal of Life Sciences, 2015; 4 (4): pp 283-287.
Cousins DV. Mycobacterium bovis infection and control in domestic livestock, Rev. Sci. tech. off. Int. Epiz. 2001; 20 (1): pp 71-85.
CDC. Mycobacterium bovis (bovine tuberculosis) in humans. 2011; CDC Fact Sheet. Atlanta, Georgia, USA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Cosivi O, Grange JM, Daborn, et al. Zoonotic tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in developing countries. Emerg. Inf. Dis., 1998; 4 (1): pp 59-70.
Grange JM. Mycobacterium bovis infection in human beings. Tuberculosis, 2001; 81(1-2): pp71-77.
Rahman MM and Samad MA. Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and its effects on milk production in Red Chittagong cattle, Bangl. J. Vet. Med., 2008; 6 (2): pp 175-178.
Holecek DF and Bristor TF. The economic impact of bovine TB on the tourism industry in northeast Michigan, MTTRC, Michigan University, 2003; pp 1-6.
ILRI. Reducing the impact of infectious diseases on village poultry production in Ethiopia, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, University of Liverpool, 2013. Retrieved 24 Aug, 2015 from http://www.ilri.org/Reducing the Impact of Infectious Diseases.
CIWF. Compassion in World Farming - Poultry", 2011; http://www.ciwf.com/ farm -animals/chickens/. Retrieved August 26, 2011
Hancock J. Assessment of likely impacts of avian influenza on rural poverty reduction in Asia: Responses, impacts and recommendations for IFAD strategy, Asia and the Pacific Service Investment Centre Division, FAO, 2008; pp 27- 33.
Otte MJ and Chilonda P. Animal Health Economics: An Introduction. Livestock Information, 2000; Sector Analysis and Policy Branch, Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), FAO, Rome, Italy. Accessed on 07/30/2007 ftp://ftp.fao.org docrep/fao/010/ag275e/ag275e.pdf
Bennett R. The ‘Direct Costs’ of Livestock Disease: The Development of a System of Models for the Analysis of 30 Endemic Livestock Diseases in Great Britain. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2003; 54 (1): pp 55-71.
FAO. The vulnerability of mountain environments and mountain people, 2002; pp 1-7. Avialable at: http//www.fao.org/docrep/005/y7352e
Pritchett J, Thilmany D and Johnson K. Animal Disease Economic Impacts: A Survey of Literature and Typology of Research Approaches. International Food and Management Review 2005; 8 (1).
FAO. Livestock policies and poverty reduction in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Pro-poor livestock policy initiative policy brief, 2005; Rome, Italy, pp 1-8.
Rushton J. The economics of animal health and production, CABI, USA, 2009; pp 16 - 20, 199 - 255.
Biggs PM. The world of poultry disease. Avian Pathology, 1982; 11, pp 281-300.